Mr. H. T. CoLEBROOKE on the Philosophy of the Hindus. Q5 



GoTAMA enumerates sixteen heads or topics: among which, proof or 

 evidence, and that which is to be proven, are chief; and the rest are sub- 

 sidiary or accessory, as contributing to knowledge and ascertainment of 

 truth. Disputation being contemplated in this arrangement, several among 

 these heads relate to controversial discussion. They are, 1st. proof ; 2d. 

 that which is to be known and proven ; 3d. doubt ; 4th. motive ; 5th. in- 

 stance ; 6th. demonstrated truth ; 7th. member of a regular argument or 

 syllogism ; 8th. reasoning by reduction to absurdity ; 9th. determination or 

 ascertainment; 10th. thesis or disquisition; 11th. controversy; 12th. ob- 

 jection ; 13th. fallacious reason ; 14th. perversion ; 15th. futility ; l6th. 

 confutation.* 



The difference between these two arrangements is not considered to 

 amount to discrepancy. They are held to be reconcileable : the one more 

 ample, the other more succinct ; but both leading to like results. 



The Sdnc'hya philosophy, as shewn in a former essay, afSrms two eternal 

 principles, soul and matter ; (for pracrlti or nature, abstracted from modifi- 

 cations, is no other than matter :) and reckoning, with these two permanent 

 principles, such as are transient, they enumerate twenty-five. 



The Nydya, as well as the Sdnc'hya, concur with other schools of psy- 

 chology, in promising beatitude, or (nihsreyas) final excellence, and (mocsha) 

 deliverance from evil, for the reward of a thorough knowledge of the prin- 

 ciples which they teach ; that is, of truth ; meaning the conviction of the 

 soul's eternal existence separable from body. 



Soul then, as the Bhdshya affirms, is that which is to be known and 

 proven. Gotama, however, enumerates under this head, besides soul, its 

 associate body, the external senses, things or the objects of sense, (that is, 

 the elements, and his followers here take occasion to introduce Canade's 

 six categories), intellect or understanding, mind or the eternal organ, 

 activity, fault, transmigration, fruit or consequence of deeds, pain or 

 physical evil, and lastly, liberation ; making, together with soul, twelve 

 {jirameya) objects of proof, being topics of knowledge requisite for de- 

 liverance. 



1. Evidence or proof {pramdria) by which those objects are known and 

 demonstrated, is of four kinds : perception; inference of three sorts, (con- 



• G. 1. 



