116 Mr. H. T. CoLEBROOKE on the Philosophy of l/ie Hindus. 



On the appositeness of some of these examples, in the cases to which 

 they are here appUed, as instances of divers sorts of demonstration, there 

 is a disagreement among commentators, which it is needless to go into. 



VII. A regular argument, or complete syllogism (ni/di/a), consists of 

 five members {avayava) or component parts. 1st. the proposition (pradj- 

 nyd) ; 2d. the reason (Jietu or apadesa) ; Sd. the instance {uduharana or 

 rnidarsana) ; 4th. the application (upanaya) ; 5th. the conclusion (jiiga- 



mana'). Ex. 



1. This hill is fiery : 



2. For it smokes. 



3. AVhat smokes, is fiery : as a culinary hearth. 



4. Accordingly the hill is smoking : 



5. Therefore it is fiery. 



Some * confine the syllogism (nydya) to three members ; either the three 

 first, or the three last. In this latter form it is quite regular. The recital 

 joined with the instance is the major ; the application is the minor ; the 

 conclusion follows. 



VIII. Next, in this arrangement, is (tarca) reduction to absurdity. It is 

 a mode of reasoning, for the investigation of truth, by deduction from 

 wrong premises, to an inadmissible conclusion which is at variance with 

 proof, whether actual perception or demonstrable inference. The conclu- 

 sion, to which the premises would lead, is inadmissible, as contrary to what 

 is demonstrated, or as conceding what is disproved. 



It is not to be confounded with doubt, to which there are two sides ; but 

 to this there is but one. 



Five sorts are distinguished by the more ancient writers, to which the 

 moderns have added six, or even seven more varieties. It is needless to 

 enumerate them : one or two examples may suffice. 



Ex. 1. Is this hill fiery, or not ? On this question one delivers his 

 opinion, that it is not fiery. The answer to him is. Were it not fiery, it 

 would not smoke. 



* The followers of the Mimdnsa. Pad. Dip. 



