Mr, H. T, CoLEBROOKE on the Philosophy of the Hindus. 117 



Ex. 2. If there be a jar in this place, it must look like the ground. 



Fallacy of the same form, termed tarcdbhdsa, comprises the like number 

 of sorts and varieties. 



The designations, by which they are distinguished^ are familiar to the 

 Indian scholastic disputation. It would be tedious to enumerate and ex- 

 plain them. 



IX. Ascertainment (nirneyd), or determination of truth, is the fruit of 

 proof, the result of evidence and of reasoning, confuting objections, and 

 establishing the position in question. 



X. — XII. Disputation (cat'ha) is conference, or dialogue of interlocu- 

 tors, maintaining adverse positions ; whether contending for victory, or 

 seeking the truth. It comprises three of the categories. 



X. One is (jalpa) debate of disputants contending for victory : each seek- 

 ing to estabUsh his own position, and overthrow the opponent's. 



XI. Another is (vdda) discourse, or interlocution of persons communing 

 on a topic in pursuit of truth, as preceptor and pupil together with fellow- 

 students. 



XII. The third is (vitanda) cavil, or controversy wherein the disputant 

 seeks to confute his opponent, without offering to support a position of 

 his own. 



XIII. Next in Gotama's enumeration is fallacy, or, as it is termed, 

 semblance of a reason (Jietwdbhdsa) ; it is the non causa pro causa of logi- 

 cians. Five sorts are distinguished, embracing divers varieties or subdivi- 

 sions. They need not be here set forth. 



XIV. Fraud {ch'lmla'), or perversion and misconstruction, is of three 

 sorts: 1st. verbal misconstruing of what is ambiguous ; 2d. perverting, in 

 a literal sense, what is said in a metaphorical one ; Sd. generalizing what 

 is particular. 



