The Hardwood Distillation Industry m Neiu York 55 



in cutting and hauling the wood, nor the office force. The 

 standard wage scale was $1.60 per day and the factory was 

 located in the region in which a plentiful supply of wood 

 could be obtained. 



At another oven plant the following costs were observed. 

 These are also given per cord of wood. 



Wood $4.00 



Fuel 1.50 



Labor 2.00 



Depreciation, etc 1.00 



Marketing 1.47 



Total $9.97 



Yields. 



The yield of products at hardwood distillation plants varies 

 considerably. The yield at any particular plant depends 

 upon the following factors : 



1. Temperature, that is, the maximum and minimum 

 temperatures used during the exothermic process. 



2. The rapidity of heating. Too rapid heating wull cause 

 a much smaller and lower grade of product. Usually about 

 10 hours is the time required to get wood up to the highest 

 temperatures. If heating is done too rapidly the color of the 

 pyroligiieous acid is much darker and the yields are conse- 

 quently much lower. 



3. The species of wood. There is a general consensus of 

 opinion among the New York plants, that maple is the best 

 wood with beech next and birch third. Oak and hickory are 

 also desirable species but if there is too much soft maple, 

 basswood, poplar, gray birch or other inferior species, the 

 yields will be lowered. 



4. The character of the wood. It is generally assumed that 

 the dryer and more thoroughly the wood is seasoned, the 



