208 Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science 
Streamless valleys of this sort may have one or more than one under- 
ground system, but the old surface stream is broken up into a large 
number of small surface systems. Each tributary of the former sur- 
face stream may become a small surface system to itself, possessing 
its own particular swallow-hole marking the terminus of the individual 
surface system. 
The topographical sketch, Fig. 1, has been prepared especially to 
show the conditions attending the development of a subterranean cut-off, 
wherein a great meander loop is being abandoned on account of the 
development of a sub-surface route across the neck of the meander. 
The waters of Indian Creek in low water condition disappear at the 
foot of the steep slope forming the north side of “Boogers Point” spur. 
(See Fig. 3.) The waters reappear one-fourth mile south in a series 
of springs at the side of the surface channel where it has returned from 
FIG. 4. 
Fig. 4. View showing the place where some of the waters from the subterranean 
cut-off re-enter Indian Creek channel. The series of springs coming out at and slightly 
above water level indicate that the subterranean route beneath ‘‘Boogers Point’? spur is 
not well concentrated. 
the complex eastwardly extending meander loop. (See Figures 4 and 5.) 
Here again is illustrated economy of distance in subterranean drainage 
over the surface route. The subterranean route beneath ‘Boogers Point” 
spur is approximately one-fourth mile in length, whereas the surface 
route is more than 3 miles in length. The fall is approximately 20 
feet, and is sufficiently great to give rise to considerable mechanical 
erosion along the subterranean route. Such erosion, however, is greatly 
lessened through the lack of concentration in the subterranean route, 
as it appears that the route is a diffuse one. The waters at the “sink” 
disappear chiefly in one pool, though other pools below the main one 
show indications of water loss. The waters re-enter the channel as 
broad streams through the accumulated talus at the foot of the meander 
bluff. The issuing waters extend along the stream, coming out prac- 
