INFLUENZA IN HORSES. 211 



the roots of the ear. Handliug the throat causes wiucini;?, and easily 

 excites a paroxysm of coughing, and the congh is softer and looser if a 

 free discharge has been established from the nose. If the ear is applied 

 over the windpipe or side of the chest, the former harsh blowing sound 

 is found complicated by a rattle, {muG07is rale,) and the hand applied 

 on the side of the chest, just behind the left elbow, detects the forcible 

 impulse of the heart with eacli beat. The loins are insensible to pinching 

 in many cases. Unless affected by treatment the dung tends to become 

 harder, firmer, and less abundant ; the urine scanty and of a deep yel- 

 lowish-brown color, or quite opaque from deposited lime salts. In 

 many cases this liquid is thick and sizy, and all specimens which I have 

 examined have shown a neutral reaction and contained albumen in 

 variable proportions. I did not find casts of the nriuiferous tubes in a 

 single instance. — (See Dr. Caldwell's analysis of urine appended to this 

 report.) 



The supervention of a free discharge from the iiose, the formation of 

 an abscess about the throat, the occurrence of a profuse perspiration, or 

 even a slight diarrhoea, if attended with a cooler mouth, a firmer, less 

 rapid pulse, a lower temperature and a disposition to lie down, may be 

 looked upon as critical, and is often followed by a prompt recovery. 



IMrd stage. — This is the period of recovery, and is marked by the 

 subsidence of all the morbid symptoms and the steady re-establishment 

 of health. The cough becomes gradually less and less painful and no 

 longer paroxysmal; the relaxed fatuous expression of the countenance 

 ceases; the eye brightens; the spirits and appetite return; thirst dimin- 

 ishes ; the discharge from the nose changes from a greenish to an opaque 

 yellow or w^hite hue, and is gradually dried up ; the pulse acquires firm- 

 ness ; the impulse of the heart on the ribs steadily decreases, though 

 still easily roused by excitement ; the breathing gets easy, and strength 

 and vigor are slowly restored. Considerable bodily weakness usually 

 lasts after all other signs of illness have passed awaj' ; the horse sweats 

 readily ; flags if kept for some time at action or work, and is liable to 

 relapse if overdone. 



But all do not follow this regular and favorable course. Some ex- 

 hibit a tendency to extreme violence from the first, and others, which 

 begin mildly, soon show signs of dangerous disorder in the cliest, in the 

 abdomen, in the joints and muscles, in the subcutaneous connective 

 tissue, or in the eyes. It is these complicated cases alone which are 

 dangerous; the simple catarrhal affection always tends to a favorable 

 termination. 



Witli chest com2)lications. — Even in the simple catarrhal form the 

 respiratory mucous membrane is involved as far down as the lungs, but 

 only in a slight degree. But in some cases the inflammatory action ex- 

 tends beyond the larger bronchial tubes, and invades their smallest 

 ramifications, constituting the redoubtable disease known as a capillary 

 bronchitis, aggravated by the debilitating fever of the influenza. The 

 breathing becomes quick and difficult ; the nostrils widely dilated ; the 

 flanks heave violently ; the stupor and prostration are extreme ; the 

 mucous membranes are of a dark red or even purple hue; the cough 

 deeper and more iiaiuful, the animal setting his feet apart, or perhaps 

 even going down on his knees in his efforts to dislodge the cause of 

 irritation ; the blowing sound heard over the lower end of the wind- 

 pipe is still louder and harsher than in the other case ; and a loud 

 wheezing is heard when the ear is applied over the sides of the chest. 

 The patient stands constantly in this as in all the other complications 

 in the chest, and the fact of his having lain down, and remained so for 



