INFLUENZA IN HORSES. 245 



111 the second mode there is introduced iuto the veiu of the patient a 

 tube, which "is dilated at its free end into a funnel about an inch in diam- 

 eter, and furnished with a wooden plug- accurately fitted to the bore of 

 the tube. A little blood having been withdrawn from the sound animal 

 iuto a dish standing in water of the temperature of the body, and the 

 funnel having been quickly filled, the plug is pulled out and the blood 

 allowed to How in. Before the funnel is quite empty, the plug is again 

 inserted, the funnel refilled, and the process repeated. In this way all 

 danger of the introduction of air is obviated. 



The third mode differs from the second only in the removal of the 

 fibrine from the blood. The blood having been received into a vessel 

 set in another containing warm water, is whii^ped with a bunch of twigs 

 until all the fibrine has been coagulated and withdrawn, after which the 

 liquid is transferred into the vein of the sick animal with the same pre- 

 cautions as by the second mode. The loss of the fibrine is of no mo- 

 ment, and the defibrinated blood is found to be equally restorative with 

 the pure blood. 



The main dangers to be guarded against are the entrance of air into 

 the circulation, the introduction of clots of fibrine, which by blocking 

 the vessels would produce local inflammation and abscess, and the too 

 rapid transfusion which leads to vertigo and fatal fainting. 



If the abdominal organs are especially involved the counter-irritant is 

 to be applied over the region of the liver, bowels, or kidneys, as the 

 case may demand. With yellow or brownish appearance of the mucous 

 membranes and tenderness over the short ribs, this point should be se- 

 lected for its application. With general tenderness of the abdomen, 

 colicky pains, frequent straining, and the passage of a white, thick 

 mucus forming a pellicle over the dung, or collected in masses, it should 

 be applied generally to the surface of the belly. If there is tenderness 

 and swelling of the loins, stiffiuess of the hind limbs, frequent straining, 

 the passage of water in small quantities and highly colored, and above 

 all if the urine contains microscopic fibrinous casts, it should be applied 

 'over the loins. In the last case it may be preceded by a bag of hot 

 scalded bran, or a fresh sheep-skin with the fleshy side turned in. 



The shivering, which usually attends the onset of such complications, 

 may be counteracted by friction to the skin, clothing, a warm drink con- 

 taining a stimulant — four drachms carbonate of ammonia — and injec- 

 tions of warm water or well-boiled gruel, given to the extent of three 

 or four quarts at a time, and repeated every hour until shivering ceases. 



In cases affecting the liver or bowels, I have found excellent results 

 from guarded laxatives. Two, three, or even four drachms of aloes in 

 different cases, with a drachm of gentian, and thirty drops of hydrocy- 

 anic acid, or an ounce of laudanum, will usually promptly relieve the 

 colic, secure an action of the bowels, and remove the deadly prostration 

 which characterizes this type. It has manifestly the effect of relieving 

 the inflamed sm^face by a free secretion from its turgid blood-vessels, of 

 benefituig the portal system and liver by a direct local depletion, and of 

 eliminating poisonous material, which was being pent up to the great 

 iujury of the system at large. Little more is wanted than the free use 

 of demulcents, such as slippery elm, well-boiled linseed, and the like, 

 great care to secure a continuous moderate action of the bowels, and a 

 tonic treatment as in other cases of convalescence. Turpentine has 

 been strongly recommended by some, and acts beneficially as a local 

 and general stimulant. An ounce of the crude drug, or half an ounce 

 of the oil, may be made into a ball with linseed meal, or beaten up with 

 the yolks of two eggs, and given twice daily. 



