170 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 



complete monograph as yet issued on its streams, deep wells and other 

 sources of the water supply. In a chapter on the physical features of the 

 two states, he gives the mean altitude of Indiana as estimated by Henry 

 Gannett to be 700 feet above tide, but 2,850 square miles of the State being 

 above the 1,000-foot contour and but 4,700 below the 500-foot contour. 

 He states that "the large area of Devonian shale in northern Indiana, though 

 covered now with a drift to a height of 200 to 400 feet above Lake Michigan, 

 has a rock surface about as low as the lake level." 



Indirectly he eliminates the "CoUett Glacial River theory of Campbell, 

 CoUett, Elrod and Chamberlain in the following words: "The Knobstone 

 or Waverly formation on the west border of the basin occupied by the 

 Devonian shale has an abrupt and nearly continuous relief of 300 to 400 feet, 

 with occasional knobs 500 to 600 feet above the basin. This escarpment is 

 so abrupt in the unglaeiated districts from Brown County southward to the 

 Ohio River as to resemble a river bluff and it is but natural that this feature, 

 taken in connection -w-ith the rapid descent from the Niagara to the Devonian 

 shale on the east border, should have led some of the earlier students to con- 

 sider the low tract occupied by the Devonian shale to be due to a large river." 

 A full discussion of each of the great drainage s.ystems of the State is given 

 with data regarding the length, depth, gradient, rock floor and other features 

 of each of the larger streams. In one place he sajs that "arrangements are 

 being made by the U. S. Survey for a special investigation of the water powers 

 of Indiana," but such investigation has not as jet come to pass. The state- 

 ment that. "It has long been known that the Wabash once received the drain- 

 age from the portion of Indiana now tributary to Lake Erie, the channel 

 connecting the Maumee wath the Wabash being still a plainly marked feature 

 along the Wabash railway from Fort Wayne to Huntington," recalls David 

 Dale Owen's remarks, made in 1837, regarding this fact. 



The average fall of the Wabash is given as 163^2 inches per mile, and its 

 approximate length 500 miles, while the west fork of the White, Avith a length 

 of 275 miles has a fall of three feet to the mile. He does not give the measure- 

 ment of the stink which is now the most noticeable phenomenon along the 

 course of th(> latter stream between Indianapolis and Gosport. 



Valuable information is given in the paper regarding the deep-well water 

 supply of each of 57 cities and towns of the State, Tables, including data, 

 regarding the supply of those cities and towns which use surface water from 

 streams, lakes or shallow wells are also given; the analysis of the water being 

 shown in a number of instances. The paper is accompanied bj^ three double 

 j)age colored maps showing respectively the topography, the geologic forma- 

 tions and the pleistocene deposits of the two states. 



In 1899 this paper on the "Water Resources of Indiana" was followed by 

 two supplemental papers* l)y Leverett entitled "Wells of Northern Indiana," 

 and "Wells of Southern Indiana," in which mu(!h additional detailed informa- 

 tion, especially regarding shallow wells in the country regions, is given. 



*Water supply and Irrigation papers of the U. S. Geo. Surv., Nos. 21 and 26. 



