1825.) - 
lively emotions, 
cries 'of joy,” “ ‘by: (thandeting | ‘peals) of 
laughter,” (pp. 38, 39 and 55); » and 
yet he thittks' it’ necessary’ gravely to 
examiné, whether’ >“ the ‘decal! organs 
exhibitéd, ' ‘ih their exterior conforma~ 
tion} any mark of imperfection ?” and 
whether “ there was: any reason to sus 
ect it in their ‘internal structure ?”’ 
And he thinks it necessary to assume 
the hypothesis of the speedy cure of a 
wound, which the savage had evidently 
received in the neck, in order to prove 
that “ the muscular and cartilaginous 
parts belonging to the organ of voice 
had not been divided,” p. 88.* — If they 
had been so divided, the. phenomena 
above noticed never could have occurred. 
In order to account, therefore, in 
detail, for those phenomena, the general 
theory of which has already been in 
part explained; and, to guide the stu- 
dent to’the perfections, or warn him 
from the imperfections or defects of 
enunciation, we must take a particular 
survey of. that distinct class of organs, 
to which we are indebted for the dis- 
tinguishing attribute of our species, the 
power of communicating our ideas by 
verbal language. 
II. CLASSIFICATION AND DE- 
SCRIPTION OF THE ORGANS OF 
ENUNCIATION, AND THEIR RE- 
SPECTIVE FUNCTIONS. 
Tue Enxunciative Orcans consist of 
those portions and members of the human 
mouth, by the motions, positions, and 
contact of which, the elementary cha- 
racter of literal sound is superadded to 
the impulses of voice. 
These are, in reality, the proper or- 
gans of speech; the organs—on the deli- 
cate structure and skilful management 
of which depend the exclusive privi- 
lege of intellectual culture and pro- 
gressive improvability inthe human 
race. . By these it is, that those con- 
tradistinct and specific. elements are 
eventually formed, which, being blended 
into syllables and articulated into words, 
become capable of the current impress 
of general assent and compact; so as 
_to be converted into definite and com- 
municable signs, even of the most ab- 
stract and complicated ideas, as well as 
of the simplest perceptions of sense and 
appetite. | 
They,, may be considered (indepen- 
dently. of the lower jaw) as five in num- 
Tae 
e work | never having fallen into my 
hands, in the original’ form,’ I havé been 
under the’ ieeessity of ‘quoting ‘from the 
translation. a 
The Anatomy of Speech. 7 
“ by ‘shouts, by’ 
ber (though three of them -are ‘dupli- 
cated, or pairs)... Threearejactived(the, 
tongue, the uvula; »and» the; lips), ipens 
forming their functions by theirodwn 
proper motion; and two: (the :teeth; 
and the upper gums, or front»ridge::ofi 
the mouth connecting the teeth and: 
palate, or-roof) are passive; having:the 
elements formed upon them ‘by- thie ad 
tion of the other organs.+ 
Tur Toncur. Of these active ors 
gans, the tongue seems to demand the 
first attention, from its almost universal 
employment in the formation of the 
elements. 
By its elongations: and entheleicib, 
and the alternate thickening and flatten- 
ing of its respective parts, and by their 
approximation to the other portions of 
the mouth, it imparts the first charac- 
teristic or enunciative impulse to almost 
every element, or literal sound, of 
which verbal language is composed. 
For the performance of these func; 
tions, it has, as far as I have been able 
to observe (notwithstanding some mis 
nute ‘differences in length, in thickness; 
and in ligature), a structure almost uni- 
versally complete and favourable : com- 
petent to every purpose, where the will 
is sufficiently active, and improper. ha- 
bits have not been contracted from neg- 
ligence or imitation. It has extreme 
flexibility ; it is acutely sensitive ; duc- 
tile to almost all conceivable modifiea- 
tions of form and attitude; and, finally 
(if the physical fact may be stated with- 
out assuming the appearance of more 
levity than is. consonant. with philoso- 
phical disquisition), it may be added, 
that it is indefatigable. Occasionally, 
indeed, the tongue tires every thing 
else ; but it is never tired. 
Bat, extensive as are its functions in 
the uetuediiors of speech, none of them 
are independent. Without .co-opera- 
ration of the other organs, the ‘tongue 
forms not a single element. The vowela- 
tive impulses (which it primarily affects, 
in: concert with the moveable part of 
the'fleshy. palate, by: enlarging, contract- 
ing, and’ modifying ‘the .cavity of »the 
+ Wilkins’ (Essay towards a Real Cha- 
racter) omits the uvula in his enumeration. 
According to him, the organs by which: ue 
elements are framed, are— ~ 
ACTIVE. PAssIVEy! 
Root acting upon --- ‘ames Pe 
ened For, erode Palate, 
; ‘Top acting upon». - +++ ot ‘Root’ ag 
; tnitasty 48 Peeths i515 
ae, ot 1er Lip, 
One Lip.+ Acting against vedes We tosh “Of the 
