116 The Anatomy of Speech. 
apex of the tongue, at the same time, - 
vibrating against the inner surface. of 
the teeth, produces, with similar, im- 
pulse, the, hard, and}emphatic Z—as in 
zeal, zounds,| &o.%,\ 
_ 4H.,.The middle. ofthe tongue swel- 
ling a. little higher, towards the’ palate, 
so as.to withdraw.the point,a little way 
from.the teeth; the impulse of air being; 
at the same time, somewhat increased, 
so as to produce a certain degree of 
sibilancy, forms the aspirated Z (=ZH) 
—as in azure, &c. 
Such are the elements which, for their 
formation, depend principally upon the 
management of the tongue in its dif- 
ferent relations and approximations to 
the gums; though some of them, it 
will be obvious, have reference also to 
its contact with, the other passive 
organs. 
» [1.. THE TEETH: organs that are 
alike,important to. the clear enuncia- 
tion-of;the|sharper, and the more ob- 
tuse elements, 
S=C. The passage of a brisk cur- 
rent of air between the sharp edges of 
the_front teeth, while the quiescent 
tongue remains in a state of proxima- 
tion, without contact with the same, 
produce the simple sounds of the S, 
and C soft, or sibilant.t 
If the aperture above described (the point 
of the tongue approximating to the forepart 
of the palate, as in forming the letters T, 
D, N, S, Z, R, and leaying an aperture 
just so large as to prevent sibilancy) be 
enlarged as much as convenient, and sono- 
rous air from the larynx be modulated in 
passing through it, the letter Y is formed.”’ 
* “Tf in the situation of the tongue and 
palate, in which the S is formed, a sound 
be produced in the mouth, as in the letter 
D, and the sonorous air be forced between 
them, the sonisibilant letter Z is formed.” 
—Darwin. ‘ 
+) “OS. If the point of the tongue be ap- 
pressed to the forepart of the palate, as in 
forming the letter T, and the air from the 
mouth be forced between them, the sibilant 
letter S, is produced.” —Darwin. 
In. such position I could form neither 
Snor, T... With respect to the former, I 
should suspect it jof being a direction for 
producing one of the most offensive modi- 
fications of lisping: The pure S is, indeed, 
a very. difficult sound to manage with any 
degree of grace: and its frequent recur- 
renee,|is) one, of, the, very. few objections 
against.our e which appear. to. be 
well founded ah nner by 
vS 
in! a,.(considerable degree, abated, -I ‘shall 
speak heseafter ;.but,, perhaps, of all. the. 
that sharp complex’ sibilant, 
which the force of that objection may be, - 
(Sept. 1, 
Z. A vocalized impulse of air, through 
a similar aperture, over | the’ vibrating 
surface.of ithe tongue, as! it’advances 
from the-former “attitude towards the 
. lower’“teeth,’ produces" the Uinibara 
tively softer “Z, in ais (=a) Ko wwas, 
maze, Hafex, &e.?) >” sf 
CH. A gust‘of air over the ipswoln 
tongue, in an active state,.-while, the 
apex. retires from i 
with the lower. teeth (or, in, some icon- 
formations of. the;»mouth,owith (the 
lower part of the upper); andjsrushing 
through a similar:aperture, | produces 
for which 
, we 
expedients that can be resorted to for this 
purpose, those that give it a sort'of lisping 
indistinctness (if it were not that such ex- 
pedients are very popular among’ Jadies) 
might be regarded as the most offensive. 
+“ CH, Spanish. If in the above situa- 
tion of the tongue (the: back part’ of! it ‘ap- 
pressed to the pendulous) curtain of the 
palate and uvula}\a sound be produced be- 
hind, and the senorous air be forced be- 
tween them, the CH, Spanish, is formed ; 
which is a sonisibilant letter, the same as 
CH, Scotch, in the word Buchanan and 
loch. It is also, perhaps, the Welch gut- 
tural expressed by the double L, as in 
Lloyd, Liuellen. It isa simple sound, 
and ought to have a ‘single character as 
x .”—Darwin. 
I have given this element no place in 
my catalogue, because, in pure English 
pronunciation, we have now no such sound. 
The English CH, as in children, church, 
&e., Dr. D. agrees’ with Walker, Elphin- 
stone, and other orthoepists, in consider- 
ing as compounded of TSH. But this: I 
presume to controvert; at least: I’ know 
that I can produce the élement, which 
they thus consider asa triple) compound, 
by a single action of the tongue in a posi- 
tion in which I can neither produce ‘Pnor 
SH. It is true, indeed, that the iitial 
Ch (the X (Chi) of -the Greek lan- 
guage) as it stands in the words«ehamber, 
cherry, chin, chop; church, &c., iis) very 
nearly correspondent with) the: terminative 
sound represented by: éch, im the/wwords 
witch, Dutch, watch, &e, ; buts the simili- 
tude will, I think, upon more miziute!ana- 
lysis, be found to result fromthe cireum- 
stance of the T, in these terminatives; being 
rendered extremely indistinct, }oryentirely 
silent, in consequence of the:physical dif_i- 
culty of the combination ;rather.than from 
any, positive prefix of the element SY:or 
any portion }of that element,;to the imitial 
sound, , when» \correctly,,) or, aspgenerally, 
pronounced, A. simple. experiment ‘willy 
I think, demonstrate this, positions «The 
element T,.as'has been already stated, ean 
only, be, perfectly produced by placing the 
tip 
reylous,, contact: 
