REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 207 
able to orange g growers in the Southern States, as itis evident, from in- 
voices of oranges recently received from Japan, that it is there used as 
a stock for all cultivated varieties. 
ORCHARD PLANTING. 
It is a common observation that the outer rows of trees in established 
orchards are iiner and more productive than the trees in the interior of 
the plantation. This superiority is all the more conspicuous if the orchard 
is bordered by cultivated fields, and it is fair to presume that the extra 
luxuriance is owing to the trees having a greater extent of unoceupied 
soil for the ramification of their roots. Something i is also, undoubtedly, 
due to the greater space available for the expansion and spread of the 
branches ; but it is in accordance with all experience in the cultivation 
of plants that a rotation of crops is absolutely essential toward securing 
the best results of the fertility of the soil. Keeping these facts in view, 
it is suggested that an improvement upon the present method of plant. 
ing orchards would be gained by planting two rows of trees from 18 to 
25 or more feet apart, depending upon the nature of the trees, and 
alternating the plants in the rows. Then ailow a space, varying in 
extent from 300 feet to any greater distance, before planting another 
series of rows, and so increase the plantation as far as may be desired. 
The intervening spaces between these double rows of trees would be 
available for the cultivation of the ordinary crops ofthe farm. The roots 
of the trees would not only participate in the beneiits of cultiv ation, but 
would also have practically, unlimited room fer extension before meeting 
with other roots of their kind. Immediately under the trees, and for a 
distance on each side of the rows, as far as the branches spread, the 
surface could be keptin grass. Ifnot sown down immediately after plant- 
ing, which might not be desirable in all cases, 1t should be done after 
the trees attain a fruit-bearing size, or from five to seven years after 
setting out. The sheiter which will be afforded to other crops by these 
orchard belts will be found valuable as a protection from winds as well 
as in forwarding early crops. This method is particularly applicable to 
apple and pear trees. 
Respectfully submitted, 
. WILLIAM SAUN DERS, 
Superintendent ef Gardens and Grounds, 
Hon. W. G. LEDuvc, 
Commissioner of "Agriculture. 
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report of some of the 
work of the Entomological Division since June, 1578, the date when it 
Was given into my hands. 
The correspondence of the division has become quite extensive; and 
aside from the numerous answers to communications regarding the 
names and habits of well-known injurious insects and remedies for the 
same, Many species have been received and studied. Among the more 
interesting and important of these the following are worthy of mention: 
