DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 369 
which was of a deep, dark-red color, and thrown into prominent trans- 
verse folds, that considerably diminished itsinternal caliber. The large 
intestine was more entirely free from slight congestion of the mucous 
membrane, and in two cases only were no ulcers found on this part. 
The variety of these ulcers deserves a passing notice. In a certain 
number of cases the mucous membrane, though comparatively free from 
congestion, showed a number of small conical swellings, with yellowish 
depressed centers, and about the diameter of one-half a line. To the 
naked eye these appear like enlarged solitary glands, but have been 
shown by Dr. Klein, of London, to be enlarged and diseased mucous 
crypts (follicles of Lieberkiihn.) Next, erosions of larger size were not 
uncommon. In these, the surface layer of the mucous membrane was 
destroyed, leaving a depressed, red, congested base, and swollen, slightly 
congested, and reddened edges. Then there are the older ulcers in which, 
with a more or less reddened base and margin, there is a central dirty- 
white product, arranged in concentric layers, and usually projecting 
above the line of the adjacent mucous membrane, and even overlapping 
it. This appears like a slough, and though sometimes stained with 
blood contains no pervious vessels. In one instance this slough, in 
place of occurring in rounded isolated forms, extended transversely to 
the direction of the intestine, occupying the limits of its morbid trans- 
verse folds for half the circumference of the canal, or even more. These 
bands were abundant in the cecum and colon, and at intervals two ad- 
jacent ones would merge into each other at their widest parts. Finally, 
in one case, a great part of the surface of the cecum and colon was cov- 
ered by a yellowish-white dipthheritic-looking pellicle, in patches of 
several inches in length, and projecting above the surface of the mucous 
membrane at its free border. 
In one case only was there a blood-colored liquid effusion into the 
peritoneum. In another, a transparent exudation between the folds of 
the mesentery contained a microscopic embryo worm ; but the most care- 
ful search could detect no others at this point, nor in the coats of the 
intestines. In one case, whitish concretions were found on the mesen- 
tery, projecting from the surface and composed of granular cells like 
those of the concretion on the larynx. 
Liver.—Slight ecchymosis on the surface of the liver was common, but 
extensive congestion, and above all softening, were virtually absent. 
When congestion existed the acini were most deeply colored in the cen- 
ter, showing the implication of the hepatic veins and intralobular flexus 
rather than the portal system. In two cases this organ contained slight 
caseous deposits, in one an acephalocyst, and several times hydatids. 
The pancreas appeared to be uniformly healthy. 
The spleen appeared unduly black and gorged with blood on two occa- 
sions only, and in the worst of these the blood was alive with actively- 
moving bacteria. 
The lymphatic glands of the mesentery and of the abdomen generally 
may be said to have been uniformly altered. Those in the vicinity of 
congested or ulcerated patches of intestines were usually of a dark blood- 
red, contined to the surface of the gland, or in the worst cases extending 
through its entire substance. In cases where the disease had passed the 
crisis, and the subject was advancing towards recovery, there was often 
simply a grayish discoloration of the surface of the gland, where such 
hemorrhagic discoloration would have been found in the earlier stages. 
In all cases the glands appeared to be materially enlarged. 
These remarks would equally apply to the lymphatic glands in the 
chest, throat, or other parts where congestion and ecchymosis existed. 
24 AGR 
