DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. b71 
served around the roots of the bristles, and it may be added that the! 
bristles always stand erect and harsh. Moreover, in addition to the’ 
general unthriftiness and scurfiness of the skin, it tends early to become 
coated with greasy exudation, resulting usually in the black concretion 
already mentioned and soluble in ether. This is manifestly a product 
of the hair follicles and their sebaceous glands, and accordingly a section 
through one of these shows the deep congestion of the capillary plexus, 
(See Plate IX, Fig. 2.) 
Intestine.—Sections through those portions of the mucous membrane 
which are merely congested and reddened, but without ulceration, shows 
stagnation and blocking of the capillary vessels in the mucosa and sub- 
mucosa, with thickening and softening of the textures, and especially of 
the epithelial layer. ‘This last contains a great excess of granules and 
aggregations of granules into cell forms (giant cells of Klein), while the 
epithelial cells themselves are reduced in size and contain enlarged 
nuclei. As formerly pointed out by Klein, the degeneration is often 
greatest around the openings of the crypts of Lieberkiihn, and in their 
interior, while their cavities are not unfrequently filled with extravasated 
blood. Besides the above are found lymphoid and wandering blood 
cells, crystals of hematine and closely aggregated masses of granules 
staining deep purple blue in hematoxylon and insoluble in caustic potass 
—the micrococci of Klein. These last are especially abundant on the 
surface, but extend into the deeper fibrous layers as well. In severe 
cases the epithelial layer may be raised from the mucosa by a consider- 
able dark-red clot, though the escape of blood in large amount is more 
frequent under the mucous membrane, so as to separate it from the mus- 
cular coat. 
The ulcers with a central slough present at their base the same char- 
acters as the congested mucous membrane, as regards cellular and gran- 
ular proliforation, blocking of vessels, exudation, and microscopic extra- 
vasation. The slough may be shown to be made up mainly of small 
nucleated cells and granules, but it retains under the microscope its close 
laminated appearance, caused: by the gradual extension in depth and 
breadth by the death of successive layers of the mucous membrane. It 
contains numerous groups of the granular bacteria already referred to, - 
and extending down to its deepest strata. 
Lymphatic glands.—As regards the lymphatic glands, I need only 
repeat the statement of Klein, that the blocking of vessels and extrav- 
asation of blood is most commonly into the outer or cortical portion 
alone ; in the more severe forms in which the medullary part is also im- 
plicated, the blood effusion is often confined to the lymph-channels and 
the connective tissue-partitions, while the glandular cylinders escape. 
It is in-cases of longer standing that the cell changes are the most 
marked. Then there may be found in the lymph-channels the giant 
cells already mentioned, and the groups of granular-looking micrococci, 
similar to those found in the intestinal ulcers, as well as lymph-cells of 
an abnormally dark granular aspect. 
Organs of respiration.—The characteristic lesion of the lungs is lobular 
pneumonia, the exudation taking place most abundantly into the con- 
nective tissue between the lobules, and there assuming a dark color by 
reason of the abundant escape of blood-globules. On making a micro- 
scopic section across the smaller air tubes and air sacks, we find in the 
connective tissues generally, and in the walls of the alveoli and around 
the bronchia an exudation containing an excess of small round lym- 
phoid cells and granules, and in the air cells themselves accumulations 
