GLANDERS AND FARCY. 445 
GLANDERS. | 
By Dr. H. J. Deters, V. S., Chicago, Il. 
DEFINITION.—Glanders is a contagious disease sui generis of animals 
belonging to the genus equus. It has usually a chronic course, can be 
communicated by means of its contagion to several other species of ani- 
mals and to human beings, and must be considered incurable if fully 
developed. The principal seat of the morbid process is usually in the 
mucous membrane of the nasal cavities. Three main symptoms, viz., 
discharges from the nose, swelling of the submaxillary lymphatic glands, 
and particularly ulcers of a peculiar, chancrous character in the mucous 
membrane of the septum of the nose, characterize glanders, and are, 
therefore, of the greatest diagnostic value. Wherever these three 
symptoms, or only two of them, are present and fuily developed, there 
the diagnosis is secured. But unfortunately thisis not always the case; 
sometimes t*ro, and even all three, principal symptoms may be wanting, 
and still the horse may be afiected with glanders. In such a case the 
seat of the morbid process is not in the nasal cavities, but further on in 
the respiratory passages, or even in the lungs. Several such cases have 
come to my observation, and have also been described by others, espe- 
cially by Professor Gerlach. In still other cases, in which the disease 
might be called “external glanders,” but is better known by the name 
of “ farcy,” the morbid process has its principal, or even its exclusive, 
seat in the subcutaneous connective tissue and in the skin or cutis. The 
late Professor Gerlach, in his treatise on Glanders, published in the 
“ Jahresbericht der Koeniglichen Thierarzneischule zu Hannover, 1868, 
discriminates, in consequence of these differences, three distinct forms: 
Nasal or common glanders, pulmonal glanders, and farcy. As such a 
division of glanders proper into nasal and pulmonal glanders—farcy is 
described by every author under a separate head—facilitates considera- 
bly the diagnosis, and explains also at once why just those symptoms 
which are usually looked upon as most characteristic remain sometimes 
imperfectly developed, or entirely unobserved, it will be convenient to 
adopt Gerlach’s classification. 
1, NASAL GLANDERS.—This form is that which is most common, best 
known, and characterized by the three principal symptoms which have 
been mentioned. 
(a.) The discharge from the nose, although the most conspicuous of those 
three symptoms, is really the one which is the least characteristic, or of 
the least diagnostic value, because several other diseases of the respira- 
tory organs are also attended with discharges from the nose, which are 
more or less similar. Itis true, the discharge in glanders possesses some 
properties which, if considered as a total, are characteristic and are not 
found combined in any other disease ; but the difficulty is one or another 
of these qualities is not always sufficiently developed. Consequently,if , 
the other two principal symptoms, the swelling of the lymphatic glands 
and the ulcers in the nose, are absent or not observed, the discharges 
from the nose are seldom characteristic enough to serve as the sole basis 
of a reliable diagnosis. The same are frequently one-sided, and, accord- 
ing to most authors, oftener from the left than from the right nostril. 
According to my experience they are nearly, if not quite, as often from 
