446° REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE. 
the right as from the left nasal cavity, and, at any rate, just as often 
_ from both nostrils as from one only, but always more abundant from one, 
either right or left, than from the other. At the beginning the dis- 
charges are usually thin, almost watery, frequently greenish, or some- 
what similar in color to grass juice; afterward the same appear to be 
composed of two ditterent fluids, one yellowish and watery and the other 
whitish and mucous. Still later the discharges become thicker, more 
sticky, exhibit frequently a mixture of different colors, are sometimes — 
greenish, sometimes dirty white or grayish, contain not seldom streaks 
of blood, and, in advanced stages especially, particles of bone or cartil- 
age. They have a great tendency to adhere to the borders of the nos- 
trils and to dry there to dirty yellow-brownish crusts. As to quantity, 
the nasal discharges in glanders are seldom very copious, at least not 
as copious as 1 many other diseases—stranegles, for instance. The quan- 
tity, however, varies. Sometimes, especially when the weather is warm. 
and dry, the discharges may be very insignificant or be absent altogether, 
and, at other times, particularly if the weather is rough, wet, and cold, 
will increase in quantity and become comparatively abundant. Several + 
authors have attached special importance to one or another of the vari- ie; 
ous properties as something characteristic, by which the nasal discharges ne 
in glanders can be distinguished from those of other diseases, but, in re- +8 | 
ality, none of those properties are constant enough, or belong exclusively | 
to glanders, to be alone of great diagnostic value. Solleysel and Kerst- - > 
ing considered the stickiness as such a characteristic, but the discharges f 
in strangles are frequently just as sticky. Pinter and Vitét relied upon 
the specific gravity; they found that the nasal discharges of glanders, 
which consist partly of matter and partly of mucus, sink to a certain 
extent in water, while the mucus discharges of distemper swim on the 
surface. This test is of some value, but is not decisive, because matter 
is sometimes admixed also to the nasal discharges of other diseases. : 
Others have laid stress upon the one-sidedness of the discharge, but the i 
latter is just as often from both nostrils as only from one, and a one-sided 
discharge belongs also to some other diseases; is, for instance, observed 
in a catarrhal inflammation of one of the frontal or maxillary sinuses, - 
if caries in one of the three last molars of the upper jaw has effected a 
fistulous opening into the maxillary sinus, if a polypus has developed ~~ 
in one of the nasal cavities, &e. Professor Gerlach considers the green- 
ish color as a very important characteristic, but that, too, is not reliabie, 
because if is not constant, is usually observed only at the beginning, 
and belongs frequently, alse, to the nasal discharges of catarrh, strangles, 
and influenza, if the patients are kept on green food or ina pasture. The 
nasal discharge constitutes a characteristic symptom of glanders only, if 
all its essential properties are present (sutiiciently developed), and are 
considered as a whole. If the other principal symptoms (swelling of the 
lymphatic glands and ulcers in the nasal cavity) are absent or remain 
nnobserved, some minor symptoms, which may happen to be present, 
and the absence of all such symptoms which are peculiar to other dis- - 
eases, make frequently a diagnosis possible. 
(b.) A distinctly limited swelling of the submaxillary lymphatic glands 
constitutes the second essential symptom, which is more characteristic 
of glanders, and of greater diagnostic value than the discharge from the 
nose. The swelling corresponds to the discharge; that is, if the latter 
is one-sided, for instance, from the left nostril only, the glands of the 
corresponding left side of the head are affected, and if the discharge is 
from both nostrils the glands of beth sides are swelled, but always those 
ee eee * a AS as > 
SS ee Sails 
woe 
