Ae ly ee OAS Pa NO Ce WS 
ose ; : i ve : ‘ 
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ey . 
GLANDERS AND FARCY. 447 
of that side the most on which the discharge is most copious. The 
swelling does not exbibit any conspicuous sign of inflammation, and is 
‘usnally not painfal, except at the beginning or after a sudden increase 
of the morbid process. It is always distinctly limited, and the swelled 
gland is always hard and usually of the shape and size of a peanut; 
mInay occasionally, however, be found as large as a hen’s egg. Large in- 
flammatory swellings without distinct limits do not belong to glanders. 
At first the swelled glands are more or less movable beneath the skin, 
but afterwards, in an advanced stage of the disease, the same frequently 
appear to be attached more or less firmly to the bone and are immova- 
ble. The swelling, unless irritated by external causes, never dissolves 
in suppuration like the inflammatory swellings common in distemper, 
_ and is absent only if the lymphatic glands have been extirpated, if the 
lymphatics have become obliterated, or if the morbid process in the 
mucous membrane of the respiratory passages is situated too high to be 
within the province of those lymphatics which are connected with the 
submaxillary glands, for the swelling is caused solely by a deposit of 
deleterious matter which has been absorbed by the lymphatics. Pro- 
fessor Gerlach looks upon every horse as probably afiected with glan- 
ders which shows a distinctly limited, hard, knotiy, and painless swell- 
ing of the submaxillary lymphatic glands. I will not contradict a man 
of his experience and learning, and admit that such a swelling consti- 
tutes a very suspicious and characteristic indication of glanders, espe- 
cially if some other symptoms of that disease are also present; but I 
am obliged to remark that I have seen horses not aifected with glanders 
in which those glands were swelled to the size of a peanut, and were 
hard, without pain, and movable. 
(e.) Uleers of a peculiar, chancrous character on the mucous mem- 
brane of the nose, and especially of the septum or cartilaginous partition 
between the nasal cavities, constitute by far the most characteristic 
symptom, and, in fact, the only one which makes the diagnosis a certainty, 
‘even if all other symptoms should be absent or imperiectly developed. 
Still, such is never the case; if there are ulcers in the nose, then there 
is also a discharge of matter mixed with mucus from the corresponding 
nostril. In some cases these ulcers are present, but are situated too 
high to be seen unless the horse is examined in bright sunlight and the 
rays of the sun are reflected by a mirror into the cavity of the nose. The 
seat of the ulcers is usually on the septum and near the nasal bone. 
Their size and shape vary (Fig. IV). Some ulcers are small, isolated, 
almost round; others are large, of an irregular shape, and of uneven 
depth. All produce matter, have elevated, corroded borders, a dirty, 
steatomatous-looking bottom, and are never covered with a scab. At 
first small gray specks or elevated gray spots (glanders-noduies), vary- 
ing in size from that of a pin’s head to that of a pea, make their appear- 
ance (Fig. 1V, 1 and 2, and Fig. V, a and 6). These nodules soon decay 
and form ulcers. Gradually the ulcers increase in size and depth (Fig. 
IV, 3); their borders become more elevated and corroded; the process 
of decay goes on; and if two or more small ulcers are close together, 
they become confluent, unite, and constitute one large, irregularly-shaped 
- uleer (Fig. TV, 4), which continues to increase in size and depth. Decay 
and destruction work their way deeper and deeper, even into the car- 
tilage, and if ulcers happen to be existing in both cavities, or on both 
sides of the septum, it occurs not seldom that the latter becomes per- 
forated. I observed several such cases, one especially in Lee Centre, 
.Lee county, Hlinois, in 1866, in which the hole in the lower or anterior 
