448 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE. 
part of the septum was fully as large as a silver half-dollar. The borders — 
of the same appeared irregular, corroded, much swelled or elevated over 
'the surface of the septum, and coated with a dirty-looking, discolored, 
and blood-streaked glanders-matter. The disease, in that case, was far 
advanced, and the animal about ready to die. 
Sometimes it happens that a glanders-ulcer shows a tendency to heal; 
it loses its chancrous character; granulation makes its appearance; a 
scurf or scab is formed; a healing takes place, and a fibrous, whitish: 
colored, somewhat puckered or star-shaped scar is left behind. 
Some authors have attached considerable diagnostic importance to a 
bluish or lead-gray color of the nasal mucous membrane, and to bluish 
or lead-gray spots, which usually make their appearance before it 
comes to ulceration. Such a bluish color, however, is not a constant 
symptom—in some cases only small red specks can be seen on an other- 
wise rather pale mucous membrane, and is not characteristic either, be- 
cause it is observed also in catarrhal diseases, and in horses driven 
against the wind in cold weather. 
(d.) Minor symptoms.—The three principal symptoms just described 
are usually accompanied by some others of minor diagnostic value, but 
under certain circumstances very important, especially if one or another 
of the principal symptoms should happen to be impertectly developed. 
As such minor symptoms, may be mentioned, first, an accumulation of 
a glassy, whitish-gray mucus in the inner canthus or corner of the eye 
of the diseased side of the head. It is a symptom which usually makes 
its appearance at the beginning of the disease; second, a lusterless, 
dry, and dirty-looking, or so-called “ dead” coat of hair; third, more or 
less difficulty in breathing; fourth, a peculiar short and dry cough, 
somewhat similar to the well-known cough of a horse affected with 
heaves. These last three symptoms, of which the cough is the most 
characteristic, make their appearance only after the morbid process has 
made considerable progress. In some cases the plain outbreak of the 
disease, or the appearance of plain and unmistakable symptoms, is pre-* 
ceded by a swelling of the inguinal, the axillary, and other lymphatic - 
glands. 
The difficulty of breathing, and the peculiar and somewhat character- 
istic cough, though only minor symptoms in common or nasal glanders, 
rise to great diagnostic importance if the morbid process has its prinei- 
pal seat in the lungs instead of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavi- 
ties—if, in other words, the animal is affected with that form of the 
disease which Professor Gerlach has called “ pulmonal glanders.” 
It happens sometimes that a horse is affected with glanders and com- 
municates the disease to other healthy animals, but does not itself show 
any of the three principal symptoms characteristic of that disease; has 
no discharge from the nose, no swelled glands, and no ulcers in the nasal 
cavities. The late Professor Spinola, in his lectures on veterinary pa- 
thology at Berlin, related such acase to his students, which will serve as 
an illustration. It is substantially as follows: In a village near Berlin 
glanders broke out in a stable in which several horses were kept. A 
veterinary surgeon was called, who made an investigation and con- 
demned every horse that showed any symptoms of the disease, and 
every animal condemned was immediately killed. The horses appa- 
rently not affected were kept for several weeks under police control, 
and from time to time inspected, but finally released. Among them was 
one old sorrel horse which had the heayes, and which had been brought 
into the stable a short time before the first case of glanders made its ap- . 
