GLANDERS AND FARCY. 457 
The veterinarians of Belgium, teo, became infected with the French or 
rather Alfort confusion, otherwise they never would have stated in their 
official reports (Bulletin du conseil supérieur Wagriculture du royaume de 
Belgique Arme, 1858, Bruxelles, 1860), that of 810 glandered horses, 136 
had been cured. The veterinary school of Lyons, France, has always 
kept aloof from the errors of the Alfort institution in regard to glanders, 
and has never denied the contagiousness of that disease. 
The German veterinarians, though differing at times considerably in 
opinion as to the nature of glanders, have never doubted its contagious- 
ness; and German governments have always been very strict in taking 
the most effective measures against the spreading of that terrible enemy 
of the equine race by requiring a prompt destruction of every horse re- 
ported by a veterinary surgeon as being affected with the disease. As 
a consequence, glanders has become a rare disease in Germany, and 
the annual losses are very insignificant. 
Most of the older German veterinarians looked upon glanders as a 
dyscratic disease. Some believed they had found the immediate cause 
in a qualitative change of the animal albumen; others, in a morbid in- 
crease of fibrin. As to the morbid changes, some thought they had dis- 
covered something characteristic in a stagnation of lymph in the lym- 
phaties, others in a formation of tubercles, and still others considered 
glanders as a product of scrofulosis. A few went even so far as to hold 
glanders to be identical with tuberculosis and scrofulosis. The tuber- 
culosis doctrine originated in France, and gained a good many adherents 
willing to look upon glanders as an equine tuberculosis. The scrofu- 
losis doctrine was based upon the erroneous supposition that glanders 
proceeds or develops from strangles or distemper, and that the latter 
is a scrofulous disease. Erdt (in his Rotedyscrasie und thre verwand- 
ten Krankheiten) declared glanders, as recently as 1863, to be a dyscratic 
disease, and discriminated a scrofulosis, blennorrheeic, septicamic 
carcinomatous, syphylitic, and other forms of glanders, but considered 
scrofulosis glanders as the. generic form. Professor Gerlach, in his 
valuable treatise from which several of the notes just given have been 
taken, refutes the theories of Erdt by the following statement, for the 
correctness of which I can vouch from my own knowledge of the facts: 
The breed of the milk-white (white-born) horses of the royal stables of the late 
Kings of Hanover was kept pure by continuous in-and-in breeding. As a consequence 
more than half of the number of colts born perished every year of scrofulous diseases. 
At the post-mortem examinations the mesenterial glands presented every stage of scrof- 
ulosis from simple swelling to a cheesy degeneration. Still, never a case of gland- 
ers occurred, neither among the colts nor among the grown horses. This proves that 
scrofulosis really makes its appearance in colts in exactly the same ferm as in chil- 
dren, and it is therefore not justifiable to attribute an entirely different disease ot 
horses to scrofulosis. 
For our present better knowledge of the nature and the morbid anatomy 
of glanders we are indebted especially to the thorough, unbiased, and sci- 
entific researches and investigations of Professors Virchow (Hand- 
buch der speciellen Pathologie, Bd. 2, and Die krankhaften Geschwuelste, 
Bd. 2); Leisering (Bericht weber das Veterinairwesen im Koenigreich 
Sachsen, 1862 und 1867); Ravitsch (Virchow’s Archiv, Bd. 23); Roloff, 
lar aba von Gurlt und Hertwig Bd. 30), and Gerlach (Jahresbericht der 
oenigl. Thierareneischule zu Hannover, 1868). 
THE MORBID PROCESS. 
Glanders commences as a neoplastic process—new morbid formations 
(glanders-cells) are produced. The mucous membrane of the respira- 
