GLANDERS AND FARCY. 463 
found that glanders may exist and stiil no tubercles may be found in 
the lungs. Professor Roell, in Vienna, found miliary tubercles in only 
about 66 per cent. of all cases that came under his observation, and Pro- 
fessor Leisering, in Dresden, and Professor Gerlach, in Berlin, searched 
for them frequently in vain. Glanders-tubercles make their appearance 
in the lungs only if the morbid process, which has its principal seat 
usually—I would like to say, normally—in the mucous membrane of the 
nose, extends to the lungs; or if original nasal glanders has become 
complicated with pulmonal glanders, which, in the course of time, is a 
common oceurrence. In those cases in which such a complication is ex- 
isting from the beginning, or in which pulmonal glanders constitutes 
the primary disease and nasal glanders the complication, miliary tuber- 
cles are found in the lungs frequently within a short time after an in- 
fection has taken place, sometimes within from one to three weeks. The 
same are imbedded in the healthy pulmonal tissue, are surrounded by a 
court of turgid blood-vessels (Fig. VII, No. 1), have each a small blood- 
vessel of their own, are at first grayish-white and rather soft, consist of 
more or less uniform and rather small round cells, with nuclei, con- 
nected with each other by a delicate intercellulary tissue, and become, 
when older, enveloped by a fine tissue of connective fibers. The court of 
turgid or congested vessels around the tubercles disappears after some 
time, the blood-vessel which enters the tubercle becomes obliterated, and 
the substance of the latter, receiving nomore nutriment, undergoes decay. 
A necrobiotic process commences, the round cells shrink, the intercellu- 
lary substance decays, and the interior of the tubercle is changed to a 
cheesy substance, in which finally lime-salts are deposited. The whole 
process is the same as that which is taking place in a true tubercle in 
tuberculosis, therefore every difference disappears after the retrogressive 
process has setin. Hence, glanders-tubercles have frequently been iden- 
tified with veritable or tuberculosis tubercles, and glanders itself has, at 
times, been looked upon as a tuberculosis of horses, which assumes pe- 
culiar forms, different from tuberculosis of other animals; but as real 
common tuberculosis occurs’ in horses as an independent disease, the 
same as in other animals, as the cells of a glanders-tubercle are usually 
somewhat larger than those of a genuine (tuberculosis) tubercle, and as, 
finally, each glanders-tuberele possesses a full intercellulary substance, 
and has a blood-vessel of its own, either of which is wanting in the veri- 
table (tuberculosis) tubercle, there can be no doubt as to glanders and 
tuberculosis of horses being entirely different diseases. Besides that, 
in tuberculosis of horses, the single tubercles are usually a great deal 
larger than the miliary tubercles of glanders, and only the smallest ones 
(those of the size of a pea) present some similarity to the larger glanders- 
tubercles. The retrogressive process does not present anything charae- 
teristic. 
In the mucous membrane of the nose the glanders-tubercles or nedules 
are always plainest on the septum (Fig. IV, Nos. 1 and 2). They, too, 
vary in size from that of a pin’s head to that of a pea, and project but 
little over the surface of the membrane, and are therefore sometimes 
scarcely visible. Ata post mortem examination, however, the same can 
be seen and felt more plainly, because then the mucous membrane is less 
succulent and swelled. Either singly or in groups they are imbedded in 
the mucous membrane, usually in the upper layer, and are distinguished 
from the reddened membrane by their gray, grayish-white, or grayish- 
yellow color. Sometimes these tubercles, or glanders-nodules, are situ- 
ated deeper, in the middle or lower layer of the mucosa, and therefore 
less distinctly circumscribed, and indicated only by a slight elevation 
