GLANDERS AND FARCY. 467 
morbid growth of connective tissue makes its appearance, which causes 
the mucous membrane to become more or less thick and callous. If the 
glanders-process extends to the frontal and maxillary cavities, the nat- 
urally fine mucous membrane, especially of the latter, is usually found 
coated with a muco-purulent secretion, and presents more or less uneven 
swelling and degeneration, caused by an exuberant neoplastic produe- 
tion of connective tissue elements. In the nasal cavity, but especially 
on the septum, the diffuse glanders-process penetrates not seldom the 
whole mucous membrane, and extends to the submucosa. Cailous swell- 
ings are formed by an exuberant production of neoplastic elements of 
connective tissue, and within these swellings appear diffuse center-sta- 
tions, or nests of round cells, which (latter) gradually undergo decay and 
are absorbed. Fibrous or scar-tissue, which afterwards shrinks or con- 
tracts to a sear or cicatrix, takes their place. So it may happen that 
scars or cicatrices make their appearance without any ulceration having 
preceded. These scars or cicatrices usually contain a center, from which 
several whitish strands of fibrous tissue, produced by the same process, 
are radiating in different directions. Still not every scar or cicatrix 
found on the mucous membrane of the septum has been produced in the 
same way, without any preceding ulceration. Under favorable cireum- 
stances a healing even of a glanders-ulcer will now and then be effected, 
but in such a case the sear left behind is usually less prominent or con- 
spicuous, and is destitute of such long radiating strands of fibrous tissue. 
Glanders-ulcers.—The same, if present, constitute the most character- 
istic and unmistakable morbid change of the whole morbid process, and 
are found usually in the mucous membrane of the septum, especially 
toward the nasal bones, but also in the mucous membrane of the con- 
che, the nasal ducts, the larynx, and the windpipe, and, in rare cases, 
in the cutis. Professor Gerlach says he has found ulcers in the mucosa 
of the throat and windpipe only in acute glanders. I remember one of 
chronic glanders that occurred in 1869 in Quincy, Ill., in which, at the 
post-mortem examination, numerous ulcers presented themselves in the 
nasal ducts and in the mucous membrane of the larynx and windpipe, 
but none on the septum. In that horse the only observable symptom 
consisted, for a long time, in difficulty of breathing, resembling a kind 
of roaring when exercised. The post-mortem examination, made by 
myself, revealed glanders in a very advanced stage of development, not- 
withstanding that the horse, a fine black roadster, was not suspected of 
being affected with glanders up to within two weeks before he was 
killed. 
Glanders-uicers are always preceded by glanders-nodules or tubercles 
in the mucous membrane or skin, respectively, and are the product of a 
decay of the glanders-cells and a dissolution of the intercellular sub- 
stance of those nodules or tubercles. The process, however, by which 
these ulcers are developed is not always the same, but varies somewhat 
according to the size and situation of the tubercles. If the latter are 
large, of the size of a pea, and extend deep into the mucous membrane, 
a depression, which soon changes to a small hole, at first not larger than 
a pin’s head, makes its appearance in the middle of the external surface. 
This hole, however, soon grows larger (Fig. [V, No. 2), and constitutes 
within a few days an ulcer corresponding in size to that of the former 
tubercle (Fig. IV, No.3). The deeper the latter extends into the mucosa 
or submucesa, the deeper will also be the ulcer. 
If the glanders-tubercles are very small and superficial, or, as it some. 
times happens, visible only as gray specks or dots, the proceeding is a 
little different. At first the epithelium is cast off; a small, scarcely 
