468 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE. 
visible loss of substance takes place, which gives the incipient ulcer the 
appearance of a small erosion. In other cases the decayed, superficial - 
part of the tubercle presents itself as a yellowish-gray mass, which 
remains for a short time coated with epithelium. The decaying tubercle, 
in such a case, bas the appearance of a small pustule. In both cases, 
finally, small, flat, lenticular ulcers are formed, which, if numerous and 
close together, as frequently happens (glanders-tubercles, if very small, 
are usually situated close together in groups), become soon confluent, 
and present then one large, flat ulcer with an uneven bottom. A few 
days ago I had an opportunity to observe small lenticular, and one 
medium-sized confluent ulcer, on the right side of the septum of the nose 
of a former circus-horse that had been affected with glanders—had had 
discharges from the nose—for over eight months. . 
A glanders-uleer once formed grows in depth and circumference as 
follows: At the bottom and on the borders of the ulcer, and also in the 
immediate neighborhood of the same, appear again gray specks and 
nodules (nests of round cells), which also undergo decay, become con- 
fluent with the ulcer, and increase thereby the size and depth of the 
latter. The bottom of a glanders-ulcer presents a grayish-yellow (bacon- 
like) appearance, marked with red blotches, and is composed mainly of 
round glanders-cells, the decay of which adds to the depths of the ulcer. 
Consequently, as after each decay new round cells make their appear- 
ance, a glanders-ulcer is not only able to work its way through the 
mucous membrane and its connective tissue, but also into and even 
through the cartilagenous septum and the osseous conche. This, how- 
ever, takes place only in a very advanced stage of the disease, and un- 
der the influence of a complication with an inflammatory process. The 
bottom of a deep ulcer presents usually a dirty appearance, caused by 
decay or decomposition of tissue and blood (Fig. LV, No. 4). Growth of 
a glanders-ulcer in circumference is a very common occurrence. The 
process is usually a rapid one, if the ulcer is composed originally of 
small lenticular ulcers, so-called erosions, with corroded gray or inflamed 
and red borders. If two or more of such compound ulcers happen 
to be in close proximity of each other, the same very often become con- 
fluent in a comparatively short time, and present then one large ulcer- 
ating surface. In the cutis the ulceration process is exactly the same, 
and is invariably preceded by a formation of glanders-tubercles. The 
latter have their seat usually in the skin of the lips and nostrils, seldom 
in the skin of the legs and of other parts of the body. In the cutis, too, 
deep ulcers, and fiat and lenticular ones, can be discriminated. In some 
cases the cutis-ulcers have a special tendency to increase in depth—if 
the preceding tubercles have been large—while in others a tendency to 
grow in circumference is prevailing. The latter is the case especially if 
the tubercles have been small and close together. Both kinds of ulcers, 
however, like those in the mucous membrane, produce abundant exuda- 
tion and matter, a peculiarity by which deep glanders-ulcers situated ~ 
in the skin are easily discriminated from farcy-ulcers or glanders- 
abscesses. Besides that, the latter are always kettle-shaped, have red 
and elevated borders, and are situated in the subcutaneous connective 
tissue, while the former have their seat in the skin. 
THE CAUSES AND ORIGIN OF GLANDERS. 
As to the causes and origin of glanders, opinions, especially in former 
times, have differed very widely. A great many veterinarians, particu- 
larly in France, and there until quite recently, either denied its conta- 
