GLANDERS AND FARCY. 469 
giousness altogether (La Fosse, sen. and jun., Fromage Defeugre, and 
Dupuy barely admitted the possibility of an infection ; Coleman(English), 
Smith (English), and Rodet considered only acute glanders as a contagious 
disease, as did Hutrel d’Arboval and many others), or expressed doubt as 
to the existence of a contagion.—Dutz. Consequently a spontaneous de- 
velopment or the possibility of the same was not questioned except bya few - 
decided contagionists, such as Volpi in Itaiy, White in England, and, in 
modern times, Gerlach in Germany. Nearly all German, most of the 
English, and a great many French veterinarians (it is but just to men- 
tion among the latter Solleysel (1669), De Saunier (1734), Bourgelat 
(1765), Garsault (1770), Vitet (1783), Gohier (1813), Delwart, and Le- 
blanc) admitted that most cases of glanders owe their origin to infection, 
but did not doubt the possibility of a protopathic, and even of a deutropa- 
thic development. Even at the present day an auchtochthonous and a 
deuteropathic development, too, are looked upon as something possible, 
or even self-evident and of frequent occurrence, not only by non-profes- 
sional men, but also by a great many veterinarians of high standing. As 
causes of auchtochthonous glanders, all possible injurious agencies have 
been accused, the same as in all other contagious diseases, such as pleuro- 
pneumonia of cattle, for instance, which latter, as is now more generally 
admitted, spreads, and is caused exclusively by infection or by means 
of the contagion. As principal causes of glanders have been consid- 
ered spoiled, decayed, and insufficient food, or food of a bad quality or 
unsuitable composition; dirty, crowded, and ill-ventilated stables ; over- 
work, hardships, and exposure of any kind or description; in short, 
nearly everything that is calculated to have an injurious effect upon the 
animal organism. A great many horses in every country and in every 
clime are exposed to some or to all of the injurious influences just enu- 
merated, and there is not the least doubt that these influences are well 
able to weaken the constitution of an animal, to produce emaciation and 
debility, and to cause a whole army of more or Jess dangerous and fre- 
quently fatal diseases, but still glanders is not any more frequent among 
horses thus exposed and suffering than among others, which are well 
kept and well treated in every respect. In every country and in every 
clime a larger or smaller number of horses are exposed to all those in- 
juries mentioned, are worked to death, starved to death, suffocated to 
death in foul stable-air, poisoned to death with spoiled food and with 
impure, stagnant water, and still there are countries in which glanders 
is an unknown, or, at least, an exceedingly rare disease, while in other 
countries in which horses, on an average, are not kept any worse, or, 
may be, are kept much better, glanders is a very frequent disease, and 
causes annually great losses. As a general rule, which, however, suffers 
apparent exceptions as I shall show hereafter, glanders is frequent in all 
those countries in which a great many horses are imported, and rare in 
all those countries in which more horses are raised than needed, or from 
which horses are exported. Besides that, nobody has ever succeeded in 
producing glanders by merely exposing or subjecting a horse that has 
never been exposed to the influence of glanders-contagion to any or to 
all the injurious agencies and influences which have been mentioned as 
being accused as the causes of protopathic glanders. In the West, 
where I have lived and practiced during the last thirteen years, gland- 
ers, as I have been informed by reliable persons, used to be an almost 
unknown disease before the civil war, but has been spread by condemned 
army horses during and immediately after the war, and is now frequent 
and can be found everywhere. 
Among asses and mules glanders is comparatively not as frequent a 
