FORESTRY. 537 
FORT STEVENS. 
Latitude, 45° 40’; longitude, 122° 40’. This reservation consists of about 640 acres, 
bounded on the north and east by the Columbia River and on the west by the Pacific 
Ocean; to the south are extensive sand plains now covered by a coarse grass much 
liked by cattle. The plains have evidently at one time been the bed of a bay or arm 
of the ocean. The whole reservation, with the exception of this portion where the 
works and quarters for officers and men stand, is covered with a dense growth of hem- 
lock and pine which is almost impenetrable, caused by the thick growth of under- 
brush which consists of alder, salmonberry, blackberry, and ferns, which grow to a 
gigantic size. The elevation of the reservation above high water has a mean of about 
eleven, feet. The soil is a black, sandy loam, very porous; therefore, notwithstand- 
ing the heavy rainfall, the surface is comparatively dry. The annual fall of rain is 
very great, being for 1877, 94.30 inches, and for 1878 to May 1, 24.27 inches. 
The country surrounding this point has about the same characteristics, the Oregon 
side of the Columbia River being for some distance back low and sandy. In the shel- 
tered places (from the southeast and northwest winds) producing almost anything, but 
being specially adapted to vegetables that require a great deal of water. 
On the opposite side of the river, in Washington Territory, the land rises abruptly 
from the beach to a height of several hundred feet, and is as densely covered with the 
same kind of timber and under brush as the reservation. 
FORT KLAMATH. 
Latitude, 42° 43/ 41”; longitude, 121° 55’. Report states that the forest area is coinci- 
dent with the mountain area, and embraces at least two-thirds of the acreage. 
The main lines of drainage, other than the slopes of the mountain ranges, are south 
and west by the Klamath River; south by the McCloud, Sacramento, and Pitt Rivers ; 
west by the Rogue River, and north by the Deschartes River. 
The general elevation of the interior valleys east of the Cascade Range is about 
2,000 feet, west of the range about 4,000 feet, of the table lands 5,000 feet, and of the 
mountains 8,000 feet. ‘These elevations have been obtained barometrically. 
The rainfall of the Klamath Lake country is — inches, obtained by rain-gauge and 
estimate. 
The Cascade, Siskiyou, and Blue Mountain ranges are densely covered with forest 
trees, consisting mainly of, 1st, all the varieties of fir; 2d, several varieties of pine, 
among which are the sugar pine, white pine, screw pine, and spruce pine; 3d, the 
white cedar; 4th, yew; 5th, live oak; 6th, burr oak; 7th, jackoak; 8th, laurel; 9th, 
swamp maple, and 10th, aspen. On the eastern, northern, and generally higher and 
colder slopes of the ranges, with the exception of a few aspens, only evergreens are 
found. The deciduous trees are found on the lower foot-hills and warmer slopes of the 
mountains. The growth of forest in the mountains is rank and increasing; in the 
valleys and table-lands, sparse and decreasing. The main growth of forest is confined 
to the mountain areas or the immediate vicinity, and is very extensive. 
IDAHO TERRITORY. 
‘FORT BOISE. 
The commanding officer reports that there is no forestry bordering on the plains in 
this vicinity. The nearest body of timber is about ten miles northeast, and extends 
some thirty or forty miles into the mountains, and consists of white pine, fir, and cot- 
tonwood in abundance. The nearest line of drainage is the Boisé River, about one 
mile west. The Boisé empties into the Snake River about sixty miles southwest of 
this post at a place called Old Fort Boisé. 
The elevation of this post is 2,892 feet above the level of the sea. The rain-fall at 
the post, taken from the official ‘‘rain-gauge” at post for the last five years, averages 
14.33 inches per annum. 
FORT LAPWAT. 
Latitude, 46° 32’; longitude, 116° 40’. The post surgeon reports that the forestry on 
the military reservation of this post consists of a few cottonwood trees bordering on 
the creek, running through the small valley in which the post is built. 
Along the course of the small streams einptying into the Lapwai Creek and the 
Clearwater River a few scattered cottonwood trees are found. 
At a distance, varying from eight to ten miles to the south and about the same dis- 
ance to the east, on a spur of the Blue Mountain Range, called the Salmon River 
