572 Lieutenant Burnes’ Memoir on the 
that, by whatever agency separated, water must have had great effect in 
accomplishing the change, since the northern sides of all, which is the 
direction in which the body of water would come, present precipitous 
head-lands such as fringe the borders of oceans, and great collections of 
water. 
To the westward of the Packham there are a few other islets on the Runn, 
but they are low and sandy, without any such indications as those above 
described, and have something the appearance of sand-banks. To the south 
of the Pacham island there is a tract of grass land, called Banni, of a greater 
elevation than the Ruan, and producing abundance of pasture, but not 
sufficiently elevated to yield grain, and of which more will be said here- 
after; it is necessary to mention it here as a connecting link between 
the Runn islands and the main land of Cutch. This tract does not 
extend so far eastward as Carir; but south of that island there are 
innumerable small islets in the Runn, the largest of which is Ganga, about 
eight or ten miles in circumference, and on all of which there are rocky 
hills or elevated plains, or, if the surface of any of them be flat, it is inva- 
riably found to be hard and stony, and impregnated with iron, like those 
on the greater islands. Here again is another connecting link which would 
join Carir to that part of Cutch called Wagar ; and it is surely not too 
much, after these facts, to suppose that Cutch, and the islands north of 
it, were once joined together. 
Again, the district of Parcar, which lies nearly due north of the Bhaila 
range of hills above-mentioned, is distinguished from the neighbouring 
countries by extending farther into the Runn, and making greater ap- 
proaches to Cutch. These hills are separated by a low tract of Runn, 
upwards of thirty miles in breadth, without a tree or bush intervening, so 
that they are distinctly visible from one another in a clear day, and it was 
on contemplating them that I first formed the opinion of Sinde and Cutch 
having been united. Padrcar is a very disturbed state, and I have been pre- 
vented on that account from visiting it, and specimens of its hills would be 
little satisfactory. Nor am I able to say much of the country, called Tharr, 
lying between Pdrcar and the Indus. I have visited Bdllyaii, and found 
the country one succession of low sand-hills, which I am told is the general 
feature throughout, and I do notconceive therefore that because there 
is no counterpart to the hills of Pacham and Carir on the Sinde side, it in 
any way affects the belief that the countries were united, as it is more 
