DISEASES, INSECTS, AND ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO FOREST TREES. 283 



which are in no way concealed, at once indicate that they have 

 bred in the bark. 



Other injury to the pine consists in the boring of the escaped 

 beetle into the young shoots for feeding purposes. This is effected 

 by making a lateral hole in the shoot at a distance varying from one 

 to five inches from the top. The hole becomes marked by a circular 

 a'ing of exuding resin, and from it there is a burrow running up 

 the pith of the shoot, which is killed. These shoots, which break 

 readily, through the entrance hole or above it, strew the ground 

 after a high wind. This damage, repeated year by year, produces 

 n striking change in the appearance of the tree, which loses its 

 compact crown and becomes stag-headed, the foliage being thin 

 and scant. 



Lopki/rus pini^Fine Saw-fly. 



The females in late spring cut a longitudinal slit in a pine 

 needle, and lay in it from ten to twenty eggs, repeating the 

 process on adjoining needles till over a hundred eggs have been 

 deposited, which are all covered over with a kind of frothy slime. 

 The larvie hatch in a fortnight or rather more, and feed in clusters 

 on the needles of young Scots pine. So long as they are still 

 small the caterpillars generally feed in twos on each needle, and 

 leave the mid-rib standing; but when they are stronger and 

 nearer the attainment of their full growth they devour the whole 

 needle. During the month of July they enter into the pupal state, 

 a small leathery cocoon being formed between the scales of the 

 bark and on the branches of the foliage and on the ground. In 

 about three weeks the fully developed saw-fly makes its appear- 

 ance. A second egg-laying may take place. 



Retinia buoliana — Pine Shoot Moth. 



The caterpillar of this insect causes destruction to the shoots of 

 pines. The moths are small, reddish brown or grey in colour. 

 They lay their eggs singly in young pines at the base of the bud 

 of the terminal shoot or lateral bi"anches, and into these the cater- 

 pillars bore, hollowing out the centre bud and then attacking the 

 lateral buds, so as to destroy the whole or part of the terminal 

 whorl. The larvae lie in the shoots throughout the winter, and 

 pupate in spring. Their presence is easily recognised by the 

 altered and stunted shoots which have failed to grow, and break 

 off" at a touch, as well as by a flow of resin caused by feeding. 

 The lateral branches thus injured subsequently grow twisted, and 



