178 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



course ! " The sandy soil is there generally too poor for mixed 

 crops; but even where spruce and pine were growing together, 

 both were attacked, and also juniper. The local experience there 

 has been that " attacks of the pine-looper cannot be effectually 

 prevented by sylvicultural measures; but during the early stages, 

 the best means of exterminating the insect consist in removing 

 the layer of soil-covering, and in herding swine and feeding hens 

 where the pupae are." 



Official statistics show that throughout the German empire 

 the total woodland area was in 1900 about 34,500,000 acres, or 

 25*89 per cent, of the total area, while about 1,575,000 acres, or 

 I '1 7 per cent., of waste land are classed as fit for planting (upwards 

 of six-sevenths of this being in Prussia). The area under conifers is 

 rather more than twice that under broad-leaved trees ; and among 

 these latter, the area under highwoods is nearly twice as large as 

 that under copsewoods and coppices, while the simple coppice 

 prevails largely over coppice-with-standards. 



Arranged according to age, the various highwood crops group 

 themselves into the following age-classes: — 



(1 Hectake=2'47 Acres.) 



Highwoods of 



Total. 



Over 80 Years 

 old. 



41-80 Years. 



1-40 Years. 



Blank Spaces 



and Unwooded 



Areas. 



Beech, etc 



Oak, 



Birch, Alder, Aspen, 



Hectare. 



1,827,216 

 532.395 

 212,339 



Hectare. 



646,351 



156,619 



9.199 



7» 

 35 4 

 29-4 



4 '3 



Hectare. 



701,442 



155.961 ■ 

 78,440 



7o 

 38-4 



29 '3 

 37 "o 



Hectare, i "/, 



467,663 ; 25-6 



209,575 i 39 '4 



116,147 ' 54'7 



Hectare. % 



11,760 I o'6 



10,240 i I '9 



8.553 ! 4'o 



Total, 



2,571,950 



812,169 , 3i'6 I 935,843 36'4 



793.385 ' 3o"8 



Scots Pine, 

 Spruce, . 

 Sliver Fir, 

 Larch, . . 



5,603,128 



2,492,122 



298,708 



13.309 



843.559 



380,617 



107,427 



796 



1,864,371 ! 33-3 



826,324 33'2 



89,436 29-9 



5.54« 4i"6 



2,681,170 



1,214,203 



95,792 



6.759 



47-8 

 48-7 

 32'! 

 50-8 



Total, 



8,407,267 



1.332.399 ' i5"8 I 2,785,672 ■ 33-1 



3.997.924 I 47'6 



30.553 



214,027 



70,977 



6,054 



212 



3-8 

 2-8 



2'0 



1-6 



291,270 3-5 



It will here be noted that while the age-classes for oak and beech 

 are still fairly distributed, those of pine and spruce show an 

 abnormally large proportion of young crops. This is explainable 

 partly by the transformation of old broad-leaved woods into 

 conifer crops, and partly to the greater profit obtainable (with 

 spruce especially) in a rotation not extending beyond 80 years. 



In Prussia, as in France, the purchase and planting of waste 

 lands by the State has been steadily carried on for more than 



