l8o TRANSACTIONS OF ROVAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



bad, the land can, with great advantage, be enriched with marl 

 and artificial manure, and used first for rye, and buckwheat, and 

 sheep-grazing before being planted. But where this cannot be 

 done, then either the whole area must be steam-ploughed, or else 

 trenches and mounds must be formed, the former costing about 

 32s. to 48s., and the latter 80s. to 120s. per acre. 



Protection against storms and blasting sea-winds is of the 

 greatest importance. In exposed situations the spruce planta- 

 tions are mixed with silver fir, white and Menzies spruce, and 

 pines. As a protection against fire, the outer roadways are kept 

 free of inflammable matter, and the rides between Compartments 

 are ploughed and planted, wherever possible, with oak, birch, 

 alder, silver and grey poplar, mountain ash, and larch. 



Plants and planting cost about 52s. an acre, and beating up 

 blanks averages about 12s. an acre; but thus improved and 

 stocked, the value of the woodland area is estimated at about 

 ^6 an acre. The price at which the waste land can be pur- 

 chased in its unimproved condition is unfortunately not stated. 



Similar work on a larger scale has been undertaken by the 

 Moorland Society of Denmark, continuously since its foundation 

 in 1866, with the primary object of bringing the moors of 

 Jutland into cultivation by drainage, planting, and road-making. 

 Its membership is now 4712, and it employs 10 foresters and 

 13 assistant foresters for the supervision and carrying out of its 

 forestry operations, i ofiicer and 7 assistants for moorland and 

 meadow cultivation, and i irrigation engineer and 2 assistants 

 for its canals, while the whole organisation is under the direction 

 of a head-forester in Aarhus. The woodlands owned by the 

 Society extend to 13,800 acres, while the total woodland area 

 coming under its agency is about 137,500 acres. Besides this, 

 there are three centres of moorland and meadow cultivation, with 

 about 2750 acres of high and low peat-bogs, 185 acres of irrigated 

 meadows, and 70 acres of arable land. The State provides 

 free transport by railway for the marl and lime needed, and 

 in 1902-03 gave a subsidy of ;^i 7,000 towards the administra- 

 tion and the work of the Society on its own and other properties,, 

 of which ^3850 were spent on the Society's own plantations, 

 and ^5665 on those of private owners. Altogether more than 

 100 canalisations have been carried out, and more than 20,000 

 acres of waste land have been converted into meadows; while, 

 merely in order to provide sufficient marl for the meadows, three 



