190 
Of the species listed but four, one of them being the Carolina mantis 
or rear-horse, Stagmomantis carolina (l.), and the others Camptonotus 
carolinensis (Gers.), Syrbula admirabilis (Uhl.) and Orocharis saltator 
Uhl., have been taken in small numbers as far north as Marion County; 
all of the others only south of the line mentioned as forming the northern 
border of the Lower Austral. 
In this Lower Austral zone I have also taken more than one hundred 
species of beetles whose range heretofore has been given as the Gulf or 
Southern States. Among them are some of the largest and most striking 
members of Coleoptera taken within the State, regular “Oh, my! beetles ;” 
that is, those which beget the ejaculation “Oh, my!” when they are noted 
by persons not especially interested in the order. Among these two of 
our largest tiger beetles of the genus Tetracha; the stag beetle, Lucanus 
elaphus Fab.; the rhinoceros beetle, Dynastes tityrus Linn.; the unicorn 
beetle, Vyloryctes satyrus Fab., and the fig-eating beetle, Allorhina nitida 
L., are examples most worthy of note. 
It will be noted that the line which separates the Lower Austral from 
the Upper Austral zones in the State corresponds somewhat approximately 
with the southern border of the glacial invasion of Indiana, and it is more 
than probable that the ancestors of many of these southern forms existed 
in southern Indiana in preglacial times, when the climate was much 
warmer than now. It is also probable that many of these Orthoptera and 
Coleoptera, as well as a number of those species inhabiting the entire 
State, advanced into the State from the south as fast as it was uncovered 
by the receding ice. 
UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 
Of the Upper Austral Zone, which covers the greater portion of the 
State and whose fauna and flora overlap and merge with those of the 
Transition Zone in the north and the Lower Austral Zone in the south, I 
have but little to say, as this fauna and flora are the ones whose members 
are most familiar to all present. Merriam, in his paper above cited, states 
that counting from the north, the Upper Austral area, represented by the 
Carolinian fauna and flora, is that in which the sassafras, tulip tree, 
hackberry, Sycamore, sweet gum, redbud and short leafed pine first make 
their appearance. Along with these trees and shrubs are found the opos- 
sum, gray fox, fox squirrel, cardinal, Carolina wren, tufted titmouse, 
blue-gray gnatcatcher, summer tanager and yellow-breasted chat. 
