102 
thus a very special technique has been developed and is still developing. 
Cytology might be defined, therefere, as morphology at the limit of tech- 
nique. 
In more recent years there has been another outgrowth from morphol- 
ogy and still a part of it. For many years there had been what was recog- 
nized to be a great rubbish heap of facts called anatomy. For example, 
the classic “Comparative Anatomy of VPhanerogams and Ferns,” by De 
Bary, contains a mass of facts, but they are inchoate. Many of them were 
used in instruction, for in the early days of morphological instruction facts 
were simply collected without reference to their relationships. Presently, 
as morphology began to develop ideas, it was felt that these anatomical 
facts might mean something when organized; but in the absence of such 
organization they were largely abandoned in instruction. Recently, how- 
ever, there has been rescued from this rubbish heap the new subject of 
vascular anatomy, which has become a tremendous instrument in the de- 
veiopment of our knowledge of plant groups and of the evolution of vascu- 
lar plants in particular. ‘Thus vascular anatomy has greatly extended 
morphology, which at first chiefly concerned itself with the reproductive 
structures. It still remains for some one to organize in a similar way 
the vegetative structures outside of the vascular system, and then morphol- 
ogy for the first time will have its facts fairly in hand. 
Under the shadow of this morphological development there appeared 
another growth known as pathology. The progress made in plant pathol- 
ogy during the period covered by the life of this Academy is familiar to 
many of its members. It began as morphology, but as it progressed it 
became more and more clear that it would have to join itself to physiology, 
and so pathology may be called a cross between morphology and physiology 
in its recent development. 
Another great field that came in connection with this development 
of morphology, even more recently, is paleobotany. There has been such 
a subject ever since people bave uncovered plant remains and their im- 
pressions in the rocks; but its method was to match fossil fragments 
with living plants, so that identification was always uncertain. The tech- 
1ique of today, however, has enabled us to secure knowledge of structures, 
and since vascular anatomy has been put upon a phylogenetic basis we have 
a key by which the relationships of these ancestral plants may be un- 
locked. 
