331 
than the characters of the ephebastic zocecia (see Nitsche 44, and Pergens 
45). I have succeeded in finding evidence (18) that this is true to a no- 
table extent in the ancient Fenestella, where the tubular ancestrula bears 
a striking resemblance to the simple tubular ephebastic zocecia of the 
Cyclostomata, from which group there is every reason to believe the 
Cryptostomata are descended. 
It is also pointed out by Nitsche and Pergens (loc. cit.) that the 
earlier budding habit of the colony is similar to ancestral types. In my 
own studies I was able to show that the early budding habit is very uni- 
form in the most diverse types of Bryozoa, and that it corresponds to the 
budding habit that prevails throughout the astogeny of the reptant sto- 
matopores. 
In Fenestella my studies indicate that the earlier individuals (nepi- 
astic) of the colony are very different from the adult (ephebastic) indi- 
viduals and are strikingly similar to the ephebastic individuals of certain 
Cyclostomata that are on morphological grounds, as pointed out by Ulrich 
(63), probably ancestral. And again, the early neanastic zocecia of the 
Devonian fenestellas studied are almost exactly like to the ephebastic 
zowcia of the fenestellas of the Niagara series. Unpublished studies in- 
dicate that in the Fenestellas of the Upper Carboniferous the neanastic 
stage is more abbreviated, and that the adult type of zocecia follows more 
closely upon the nepionic type. 
Dr. Lang of the British Museum has published very interesting studies 
of the Stomatoporas and Eleids of the Mesozoic (35, 36, 37), and has come 
independently to exactly the same conclusions as the writer in regard to 
the development of the colony, and the relations of astogeny and phylo- 
geny among the Bryozoa. He says (35), ‘The development of the colony 
is comparable with and follows the same laws as the development of the 
individual.” And again: “Among Jurassic forms of Stomatopora and 
Proboscina it has been found that when any given character, such, for 
instance, as the ratio of the length of the zocecium to its breadth, is fol- 
lowed from the first zocecium to the last, that it has a progressive develop- 
ment, or anagenesis, reaches a maximum, or acme, and often may be seen 
to have a retrogressive development, or katagenesis, in the ultimate 
branches of the zoarium.” 
Lang has paid especial attention to the manner of branching in Juras- 
sic stomatoporas. ‘The nearly universal method of branching in the Juras- 
sic members of this group is by dichotomy. This according to Lang may 
