406 
The results indicate the acid to be stronger in its effect than the cor- 
responding sait, though Penicillium is a plant which grows luxuriantly on 
acid fruits. The sodium sulphite bleached the solutions, $% being a pale 
straw color. The copper sulphate solutions were also changed in color, 
the 4% solution was a decided green. 
In all cases microscopic examination was made of material from the 
flask cultures, and indicated more conclusively than the gross appearance 
the effect on the development. Submerged colonies have been used for 
the reports in the table, as they are more uniform. The surface colonies 
have the characteristics of the submerged in their earlier growth, but as 
development proceeds and the hyphie grow away from the medium, the 
characteristics May change, sometimes more nearly approaching the nor- 
mal, or they may develop characters more pronounced than the submerged. 
In a few instances, only submerged colonies, and in the raw cranberry 
and cinnamon solutions only surface colonies, developed. In making meas- 
urements the germinated spores were used, and only the average sizes; 
the extreme in size was avoided, as not giving a fair estimate of the effect 
of the preservative. Where only one measurement is given, it indicates 
that the spores were fairly uniform; where two measurements are given, 
the spores showed such strong variation that an average was taken of the 
smaller and also of the larger instead of taking the average of the two 
sets. The hyphre were measured but varied so much that it was thought 
a better estimate could be obtained from the photographs. 
Microscopic APPEARANCE OF PENICILLIUM GROWN IN PRESERVATIVE 
SOLUTIONS. 
Size of 
PRESERVATIVE. Germinated | Characteristics of Development. 
| Conidia in //. 
| | 
Control. . Teoh 8.5 Hyphe somewhat irregular in outline near germinated conidia, ta- 
| pering tips, homogeneous protoplasm, many large round 
vacuoles. 
Salt, 6%. .. ; 7.6 Hyphex short, distorted, homogeneous protoplasm, no vacuoles, 
blunt tips. 
Sugar, 50% 7.6 Hyphz shrunken, distorted, homogeneous protoplasm, vacuoles 
show as pink spots, giving a beaded appearance. 
