Microscopic APPEARANCE OF PENICILLIUM—Continued. 
Size of 
PRESERVATIVE. Germinated Characteristics of Development. 
Conidia in //. 
Sodium formate, 1-5%...... 13.3 Hyphe swollen, coarsely granular protoplasm, short side branches, 
blunt ends, disorganized, or normal] size with fine granules and 
many vacuoles, some cells empty. 
Sodium formate, 1-2%...... 13.6 Hyphe swollen, coarsely granular, short side brinches which do 
not develop, blunt ends, disorganized, break easily. 
Formic acid, 1-5%.......... 14.0 Hyph swollen coarsely granular, blunt ends, many broken, cr 
y oarsely 
/ normal size, finely granular, many vacuoles. 
Formic acid, 1-2%........ ; 11.4 Hyphx swollen, coarsely granular, yellow, distorted, badly di - 
41.8 organized, break easily. Nearly all germinated conidia broken. 
The sugar and salt caused the hyphre to shrink and to assume dis- 
torted shapes when in sufficient amounts to cause a retardation. The 
cranberry juice, both raw and cooked, also caused shrinkage, and the raw 
juice a distortion. All of the others caused the conidia and hyphie to 
swell and some of them also caused a distortion. The mould grown in the 
alcohol solution had tough walls in spite of the swelling, and a clear, 
sharp appearance. The borax and boric acid also produced a clear ap- 
pearance. The sodium benzoate, benzoic acid, sodium salicylate, salicylic 
acid, sodium formate, formic acid, acetic acid, and cinnamon produced 
swelling, distortion, a disorganization of both the protoplasm and cell wall, 
and a yellowing of the protoplasm. The cell wall had no elasticity nor 
toughness, so that the placing of the cover-glass gently on a mount was 
sufficient to break the walls of the more distended hyphie and to allow the 
protoplasm to flow out. The protoplasm appeared to be without coherence ; 
when the wall gave way, it flowed in all directions, as if it were composed 
of loose particles having no cohesion. The sodium sulphite, saccharin, 
cloves, and copper sulphate growths had similar characteristics to those 
enumerated for the other preservatives, but not so strongly developed. 
In suinmarizing the results, there seem to be two different actions 
induced by the action of the substances on the protoplasm, in one case a 
plasmolyzing effect causing a shrinkage and distortion, as in the salt and 
sugar, and in the other case a toxic effect producing a disorganization of 
both the pretoplasm and wall, and a discoloration of the protoplasm, the 
substances showing varying degrees of toxic power. 
