142 
that the more important sandstone, gritstone and conglomerate formations 
may be seen. Their outcroppings are especially noticeable along the slope 
south of Crooked creek, and between the large fill of the Pennsylvania rail- 
road and the bridge over Crooked creek op the Hanover road. 
So far as determined from sections seem in a few short valleys, on the 
ereek banks, and in a large gravel pit, the consolidated sands and gravel 
are more abundant on the side of the bar farthest from the river, and on 
the slope near the creek. Here the conglomerates and sandstones are in 
several irregularly placed layers which vary in thickness from a few inches 
up to six or more feet. The formations are not of uniferm thickness, and 
grow thinner the farther they are from the creek and the exposed slope. 
The accompanying ideal cross section of the portion of the bar from 
Crooked creek on the north to the Ohio river on the south in the locality 
above mentioned shows the relative position and general character of the 
formations. 
The cementing material, so far as tested, was found to be calcareous. 
Much of the stone is quite contpact and firm, but a part of it is more or 
less friable. In general the upper portion of any layer is the more indu- 
rated. In a few limited areas the upper surface of the conglomerate ap- 
pears to be cemented by material of stalagmitic character. By far the 
greater part of the formations, however, gives no evidence of the existence 
of cementing material of that nature or origin. 
The formation is peculiar from the fact that the cementation and con- 
solidation teok place above the water and in the absence of any consider- 
able pressure. In the opinion of the writer the cementation of the sands 
and gravels was the resolt of capillary action... ‘The waters of Crooked 
creek, which flow throughout their course over limestone and calcareous 
shales become at times strongly impregnated with calcium carbonate. This 
was preéminently the case when the stream was low at the time of a 
drouth. On the arrival of the waters et the place of the present conglom- 
ernte formations, the slope of the stream and the character of the bed were 
such that the movement of the water was very slow. Hence much of the 
water with its content of calcareous inaterial passed into the sandy and 
gravelly banks, and then was drawn up by means of capillary action 
through the firmer ciose-textured beds. On approaching the surface of the 
beds the water evaporated and left a residue of calcium carbonate. This 
