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and turbid streams resulting from deforestation. What little meat is eaten, 
is chiefly swine and chicken. Sheep continue to suffer from exposure and 
dogs. Beef is walked to market to obtain cash with which to pay taxes. 
The Ayrshire stock is giving way to a fine short-horn type of cattle, owing 
to the opening of stock yard cattle markets, as at Mt. Sterling. The moun- 
tain mule and pony are being displaced by larger types. Goats suffer from 
the rough, wet, winter climate. 
The development of pasturage for live stock would prove to be a fund- 
amental advantage. Timothy is the chief forage crop; clover is second. 
A diminutive Japanese clover has filtered into the mountains, and takes 
possession of deserted fields. It is good for grazing, but it is too small to 
be cut. 
Agriculture, 
About 80 per cent. of the land is in farms, of which 45 per cent. is 
improved, and 23.5 per cent. in woodland. The average size of the farm is 
85.7 acres, of which about thirty-nine acres are improved (Kentucky: 
85.6; 55.4—Indiana: 98.9; 78.6). The average value of all crops per farm 
in 1910 was $310.70. (Kentucky: $536.20— Indiana: $947.60). The aver- 
age value of implements and machinery per farm in 1910 was $32.3. (Ken- 
tucky: $S80—Indiana: $190). About 6.6 cents worth of fertilizer was 
used per improved farm acre in 1909. (Kentucky: 8.7—Indiana: 12.8). 
The total value of all crops in 1909 was 24.8 million dollars, of which 
cereals amounted to 12.2 million, vegetables 3.8, hay and forage 1.1, and 
fruits and nuts 1.1. The total area in cereals was 921,538 acres, of which 
corn constituted 841,744 acres; oats, 59,3541; wheat, 36,403; rye, 1,579; 
and barley, 510. Some 21,397 acres were devoted to potatoes, 5,673 to sweet 
potatoes and yams, and 10,715 to edible beans (a staple food in the moun- 
tains). Sorghum was raised on 21,970 acres, and hay and forage on 
162,944 acres. There were 1,825,895 apple trees out of a total of 2,425,047 
fruit trees. Peaches ranked second to apples. 
The average production of corn per acre in 1909 in the region was 18.7 
bushels; in Kentucky, 24.2; in Indiana, 40. The corresponding figures for 
wheat were 9.9; 12.8; and 16.8. Similar data for potatoes were 76.6; 
91.8; and 99.4. The respective figures in tons of forage per acre were .8; 
Oy and 12: 
The shale soil, which is most common, is fairly fertile, and produces 
good crops of corn under good cultivation, on gentle slopes. The chief 
