229 
approximately 250 miles distant. That the fungus at least sometimes win- 
ters over is evidenced by the fact that it has been collected in the vicinity 
of Lafayette on rosettes of the host as early in the season as May 6. There 
is little or no doubt that it had wintered in the unredinial stage, probably 
as mycelium in the living leaves of the host. 
Perhaps the clearest indication of the survival of the winter by uredi- 
niospores Or mycelium outside of the Aecidiaceze occurs in Coleosporium 
NSolidaginis, on Solidago, Aster, and a few other Carduaceous hosts. This 
species is very widespread throughout the United States and is exceedingly 
common. Its exceeding commonness is attested by the fact that its Indiana 
distribution is represented in the Arthur herbarium by 44 mounted collec- 
tions and a few unmounted ones, from 10 counties, and extending over a 
period of time from 1890 to the present. The cial stage, Peridermium 
acicolum, occurs on Pinus pungens and P. rigida, with a distribution from 
Massachusetts and central New York to central North Carolina. According 
to Sudworth’s maps*® Pinus rigida is the one of these two zcial hosts which 
is hearer this section. Its nearest approach, as already shown, is eastern 
Ohio, which is approximately 250 miles distant from Lafayette. This is a 
greater distance than we would expect the fungus to migrate in one grow- 
ing season; but the fungus extends also much farther to the west and 
northwest, so far, in fact, that it seems almost absurd to think it could 
have spread so far from its cial base in a season. Turthermore, the 
writer on the first and second of July in 1912 made collections in eastern 
Indiana which show that the species was already well established for the 
season in a region a mile or more in extent. For such an infection, spores 
must be present in some quantity or must be present very early. But this 
is not the most convincing evidence at hand. There is a collection from 
Lafayette on Solidago ulmifolia, made June 25, 1896, and one on SNS, serotina 
made May 15, 1901. There is also one on Aster cordifolius made May 30, 
1896, and one on Aster sp. indet. made May 12, 1902. This last collection is 
on the rosette leaves of the plant which were practically in contact with 
the ground, and the rust is well developed. The collection was actually 
made earlier in the season than any cial collection of the rust at hand 
except one, which was made at Durham, N. C., May 3, 1910. The range for 
the cial collections is May 3 to July 6; and it was clearly impossible for 
this specimen to have resulted from infection tracing back to seciospores 
of the same spring. The circumstance seems to be much more easily ex- 
391, c. Maps 26, 30. 
