Appendix to Account of Hindu Courts of Justice. I77 



been before the town, may resort to the king ; but one, who has been tried by the king, 

 whether ill or well, has no further appeal.* 



" A cause, which has been tried by the kinsmen, must be revised by successive judica- 

 tures, if either party be dissatisfied, until it be finally decided by the king. But they who 

 pass decisions in law-suits without being properly authorized, are guilty of assumption of 

 royal functions, and the king shall inflict punishment on them accordingly. Yet per- 

 sons wearing the token [of a religious profession], companies [of artisans], assemblies [of 

 co-habitants], merchants, and bodies of armed men, should always adjust their affairs 

 according to their own laws.f 



" Among merchants, artisans, and the rest, as well as among such as subsist by 

 agriculture, painting, and dyeing, since a decision cannot be passed by others, the king 

 should cause their disputes to be adjusted by persons acquainted with the principles [of 

 their calling.]^ 



" Husbandmen, mechanics, artists, men of a low tribe, dancers, persons wearing the 

 token [of a religious order], and robbers or irregular soldiers, should adjust their contro- 

 versies according to their own particular laws.J 



" The king should cause the disputes of men who practise austerity to be settled by 

 persons conversant with three sciences, and not decide them himself, lest he rouse the 

 resentment of adepts in illusion. || 



" Persons are appointed to try causes, according to the situation of the people con- 

 cerned : the king and the society should adjust the matter conformably with justice. So 

 BiinlGU ordains. He should cause the instruction [which shall determine the contro- 

 versy] among men of the highest tribe, spiritual parents, venerable preceptors, and aus- 

 tere devotees, to be delivered by a person endowed with thorough knowledge.^ 



" Let not a prince, who seeks his own good, pronounce the law among twice-born 

 men, who dispute concerning affairs relative to the several orders : but let him, after 

 giving them due honour, according to their merits, and first soothing them by mildness, 

 apprise them of their duty with the assistance of brdhinmi'as.^* 



" Judges appointed by the king are persons authorized by him to try causes. Assem- 

 blies (puga) are meetings ; companies are associations of persons subsisting by the same 

 mechanical employments ; families are societies of husbandmen. Among these, the first 

 being superior to the last in order as enumerated, their relative authority in the trial 

 of causes follows the same order. Therefore, when a cause has been tried by the family 

 (cula), if there be suspicion that it has been ill decided, a revision by the company of 

 fellow artisans is proper. When it has been tried before the company (s'rin'i) the 

 revision is by the assembly ; or, tried before the assembly (puga), it is reviewed by 

 the king's judges, and not conversely.ff 



• Pitamaha, cited in Sm. Ch. and Mddh. f Calyayana, cited in the Calpalaru. 



X Vydta, as cited in Mddh. and Viramitr. ; and Ndreda quoted in Vym. Chint. and Cdyayana, in Calp. 



§ Vrilmtpali, cited in Calp. and Viramitr. \\ Vrlhaspati and Catyayuna, cited in Calp. Vyav. Chint., cSrc. 



t Cdtydyana, cited in Calp. ** Menu, 8. 390—391. ff Apararca on Yajnyawalcya, ). 30. 



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