Mr. B. H. Hodgson's Sketch of Buddhism. 231 



" have assigned the meaning of intellectual essence to the word Buddha, 



" and that of material essence to the word Dharma. The Bauddhas define 



" the words thus : ' Bbdhan dlmakd iti Buddha ; Dhdran dtmakd iti Dharma: 



" About the former of these definitions there can be no difficulty ; there 



" may concerning the latter. To the word Dhdraim, or holding, containing, 



" sustaining (from the root dht^i), I have assigned a material sense ; first, 



" because it is opposed to bodhana ; secondly, because the goddess Dharma, 



" the pravrittika personification of this principle, is often styled, in the 



" most authentic books, ' Prakriteswari,' the material goddess, or goddess 



" of matter; and thirdly, because this goddess is (under the names 



" Dharma, PrajnyA, Arya Tara, &c.) in very many passages of old 



" Bauddha works, described as the material cause of all things ; conform- 



" ably, indeed, with that bias towards materialism, which our heretofore 



" scanty knowledge of Buddhism has led us to assign to the Saugata faith. 



" Sanga, the third member of the Triad, belongs not to the exalted 



" state of nirvritti, in which no sect of Bauddhas admits more than two 



" principles of all things, or matter and mind, Buddha and Dharma. Sanga 



" is defined « Samudayi dtmakd iti Sangrja,' the multitudinous essence ; be- 



" cause multitude is held to be as strong a characteristic o? pravrltli, or the 



" palpable world, as unity is of the world of nirvritti, or abstraction. 



" In note 31, I have distinctly rejected the fifth order of Bandt/as, or 

 " Vajra Achdryas, in opposition to my old Bauddha friend's statement in the 

 «' text of the Sketch. There can be no doubt that my friend is mistaken : 

 " for in many high authorities, the four original and true ovdi&vsoi Bandij as 

 " are called by the collective name of the ' Chatiir Varna,' and are therein 

 " described without mention of the Vajra Achdryas. It may serve to 

 " explain my friend's statement, to tell you that he is himself a Vajra 

 " Achdnja ; and that as the genuine monachism of Buddhism has long 

 « since passed away in Nipal, sundry local books have been composed here 

 " by Vajra Achdryas, in which they have made their own modern order 

 « co-equal with the four ancient orders ; and my old friend would hold 

 " these modern Nipal books sufficient warrant for the rank ascribed to his 

 " vwn class. I have lately spoken to him on this subject, and he has con- 

 " fessed that there is no old authority for his fifth order of Bandyas. In 

 " my note I have endeavoured carefully to separate Buddhism as it is (in 

 " Nipal) and Buddiiism as it ought to be, quoad this point of classification. 

 " If you look into Kirkpatrick's and Buchanan's works on Nipal, you will 



