M?: B. H. Hodgson's Sketch of Buddhism. 245 



no lock on their lieads. The Bayidyas are divided into two classes ; 

 those who follow the Vdhija-charija, and those who adopt the Ahhyantara- 

 chm-ya — words equivalent to the Grihastha asram and Vairdgi dsram ot" 

 the Brdhmanas. T\\e first class is denominated J3/«'As//m ; the second, Vqjra 

 A'chdryu. The Bhikshu cannot marry ; but the Vajra A'chdrya is a family 

 man. The latter is sometimes called, in the vernacular tongue of the Newars, 

 Giibhdl, which is not a Sanscrit word. Besides this distinction into mo- 

 nastic and secular orders, the Bandj/as are again divided, according to the 

 scriptures, into five classes : first, Arhan ; second, Bhikshu ; third, Srd- 

 rvaka ; fourtii, Cliailaka ; fifth, Vajra A'chdrya. The Arhan is he who is 

 perfect himself, and can give perfection to others ; who eats what is offered 

 to him, but never asks for any thing. The Bhikshu, is he who assumes a staff 

 and beggar's dish Qchikshari and finda pdtra), sustains himself by alms, and 

 devotes his attention solely to the contemplation (clhydna') of A'di-Buddha, 

 without ever intermeddling with worldly affairs. The Srdivaka is he who 

 devotes himself to hearing the Buddha scriptures read or reading them to 

 others; these are his sole occupations, and he is sustained by the small pre- 

 sents of his audiences. The Cliailaka is.he who contents himself with such a 

 portion of clothes (clnlaka') as barely suffices to cover his nakedness, rejecting 

 every thing more as superfluous. The Bhikshu and the Chailaka very nearly 

 resemble each other, and both (and tlie Arhan also) are bound to practice 

 celibacy. The Vajra A'chdrya is he who has a wife and children, and devotes 

 liiraself to the active ministry of Buddliism. Such is the account of the 

 five classes found in the scriptures ; but there are no traces of them in 

 Nipal. No one follows the rules of that class to which he nominally belongs. 

 Among the Bhotiyas there are many Bhikshus, who never marry ; and the 

 Bhotiya Lamas are properly Arhans. But all the Nipalese Buddhamdrgis 

 are married men, who pursue the business of the world, and seldom 

 think of the injunctions of their religion. The Tanlras and Dhdranis, 

 which ought to be read for their own salvation, they read only for the 

 increase of their stipend and from a greedy desire of money. This division 

 into five classes is according to the scriptures ; but there is a popular 

 division according to Vilidrs, and these Vihdrs being very numerous, the 

 separate congregations of the Bandyas, have been thus greatly multiplied. 

 In Patan alone there are fifteen Vihdrs. A temple to A'di-Buddha, or 

 to the five Dhydni-Buddhas, called a Chailya, is utterly distinct from the 

 Vihdr, and of the form of a sheaf of Dhdnyn. But the temples of Sakya and 



