Notes to Mr. B. H. Hodgson's Sketch of Buddliism. 257 



avocations and pursuits, whetlier civil oi- religious, in Nip;'il. And as in the modern 

 corrujjt Bmldltism of Nipal there are exclusive ministers of religion or priests, so are 

 tliere many Bauddhas who retain the lock on the crown of the head, and are not 

 BamJyas. These improper Bauddhas are called Udas : they never dwell in the J'ih(irs, 

 look up to the Bandyas with a reverential respect derived from the misapplication 

 of certain ancient tenets, and follow those trades and avocations which are compara- 

 tively disreputable (among which is foreign commerce) ; while the Bandyas, who have 

 abandoned tiie profession of religion, practise those crafts which are most esteemed. 

 Agriculture is equally open to both; but is, in fact, chiefly followed by the Udds, who 

 have thus become, in course of time, more numerous than the Bandyas, notwithstand- 

 ing the early abandonment by the Bandyas of those ascetical practices which their 

 faith enjoins, the resort of the greater part of them to the active business of the 

 world, and their usurpation of all the liberal, and three-fourths of the mechanical 

 arts of their country; for the Bandyas have the exclusive inheritance of thirty-six 

 professions and trades ; the Udds, that of seven trades only. The Vajra A'chdrya and 

 B/iiks/m are the religious guides and priests of both Bandyas and Udds. All Bandyas, 

 whatever be the profession or trade they hereditarily exercise, are still equal ; they 

 intermarry, and communicate in all the social offices of life — and the like is true 

 of all Udds — but between the one class and the other, growing superstition has erected 

 an insuperable barrier. To the above remarks it may be well to add, that Buddhists, 

 of some one or other of the above denominations, comprize the vast majority of the 

 Newar race, and that the majority are S'aivas ; but in a sense peculiar to themselves, 

 and with which my subject does not entitle me here to meddle. 



(33) The names are almost all barbarous ; that is, not derived from Sanscrit, but 

 from Newari. I have not thought it worth while to enumerate any more of these ex- 

 amples. The Vihdr is built round a large quadrangle, or open square, two stories high ; 

 the architecture is Chinese. Chaitya properly means a temple of Buddha, and 

 VHidr an abode of csenobitical followers of Buddha. In the open square in the midst 

 of every Vihdr, is placed a Chaitya — but those words always bear the senses here 

 attached to them ; and ViJi'ir can never be construed temple — it is a convent, or 

 monastery, or religious house, but never templum Dei vel Buddha. At the base of the 

 hemisphere of every Nipdl Chaitya are placed the images of the Dhya'ni Buddhas. 

 The Chaitya has often been Mended with sundry structures, more or less appropriate to 

 BuddJiism. See Plates III. and VII. 



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