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and its general effect is grayish brown. Examining closely, 
see that the fore-wings are marked with alternate irregular trans- 
rounded tawny spot on the outer hind angle. This spot is marked 
It was first pointed out by Zeller in 1870, and apises not far from the 
1871, p, 55; and Riley, Third Rept. Ins. Mo., 103). - 
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The moth (Plate Tl, figs. 3, 4, and 5) expands about 30 millime 
verse streaks of gray and brown, and that there is a large, 
with streaks of bronae or gold, and there are similar streaks just ~~ 
above it. The hind wings are brown, grading from light to dark sai 
from base to tip. The two sexes can be distinguished by a black’ . 
pencil of hairs on the upper surface of the hind wing of the male ~~ 
only. This pencil is not easily distinguished, but is always present. ~_ 
base of the wing, near the median vein. It runs ina furrow, which ~ 
is noticeable from the under sideas a slight keel, This tuft not only ci 
separates the male from the female, but distinguishes pomonella from ~ 
all other species of Carpocapsa, although it is found with the males 
of certain other genera (see Zeller in Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 
_ 
HABITS AND NATURAL HISTORY. es 
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The habits and natural history of the species’ are practically fhe)": 
same the world over, although in England and Northern Hurope, in- 
cluding Prussia, it seems to be single-brooded. In Americaitistwo- 
brooded far north into Canada and in ihe South it is three-brooded, _ 
In Austria it is two-brooded, and its habits seem precisely the same” 
as they are in this latitude, Attention has been called to the fact- 
that in colder climates the cocoon is thicker than in warmer coun 
tries, but beyond some few differences of this sort the insect lives 
in the same way everywhere, The round of its life may be briefly — | 
summed up as follows: Soon after the blossoms have fallen and the — 
fruit has begun to set, the moths issue from their cocoons in which | 
they have wintered and which are usually situated in cracks in the _ 
bark of the trunk of the tree, when they pair and lay their eggs at ~ . 
the apex of the forming fruit. In the little crumpled-up spot caused 
by the falling off of the calyx the eggs are hidden, sometimes two — , 
or three to a single apple or pear. The eggs are laid sometimes upon © 
the smooth cheek of the apple and sometimes in the hollow at the | 
stem, but these are both unusual. The young larve on hatching eat — 
their way immediately to the core of the apple, where they live and — 
grow, casting their skins four times, and excavate large-and irregu- 
lar cavities in and around the core, sometimes first eating the seeds. 
Their excrement is blackish and stains the cavities, which are also — 
still further rendered unpalatable by the threads of silk which the | 
little larva spins wherever it goes. ° hig 
Usually the castings are pushed out through the hole by which ~~ 
the larva originally entered, and which is enlarged for this purpose 
from time to time. The infested apples can be detected thus by the 
mass of excremental pellets issuing from the end. 
The larvee reach full growth in about four weeks from the time of — 
hatching, and the infested apples now begin to fall to the ground. 
The larvanow bores a hole to the side of the apple and, issuing, crawls 
about for a suitable place to spin its cocoon and transform. In the 
great majority of instances it returns to the trunk of the tree,and ~ 
crawling up some distance hides itself in a crevice under some par-| » 
tially detached bit of bark, where the thin, slazy-looking cocoon is © 
spun. - Occasionally the apples do not fall, and in this case the larva 
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