- 
330 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE. 
act as preventives. We must cover the foliage and other parts of | 
the vine subject to attack with a preparation which, upon drying, 
will adhere for a considerable time and prevent the germination of _ 
the fungus spores which may fall upon ies parts. It is probable, 
also, that the nature of the cuticle may be so modified by the prep- 
arations used as to prevent the penetration of the germ tubes to 
the tissues within. In either case we must forestall the attacks by 
early applications, and to protect the later growths of shdots and 
foliage the applications must be several times repeated. In an ordi- 
nary season three applications will insure freedom from the mildew, 
but if the season prove a wet one a larger number may be necessary. 
The methods and manner of making the applications are impor- 
tant considerations. A good apparatus for applying the liquids and 
powders is half the battle. When one has a vineyard of consider- 
able size it is necessary to have spraying pumps or bellows which can 
be operated easily and quickly. The best form of sprayer for vine- 
yard use is the portable arrangement designed for carrying on the 
back, knapsack fashion, having the reservoir and foree-pump com- 
bined. Such an apparatus has recently been designed by Mr. Adam 
Weaber, of New Jersey. In form this resembles the Vigoroux 
sprayer, or the ‘“‘l’Kclare” of Vermorel, of French manufacture, 
but the pump is constructed on different principles. With the bet- 
ter appliances of this class one man can easily spray from three to 
five acres of vines per day. 
The spraying should be done thoroughly; that is, all the parts 
ought to be covered with the application, but care should be used 
not to drench the plants or vines. An excessive application is not 
oy wasteful but liable to result in injury to the objects treated. 
he amount of material used per acre will depend upon the sea- 
son, extent of foliage growth, and the apparatus employed in apply- 
ing it. In general, we would recommend for the liquids 25 pr 
for the first, 35 for the second, and 45 for the third application. 
The nozzle used should give a fine, mist like spray, or rather a cloud 
of vapor, which will envelop the plants, wetting them completely, 
but not so abundantly as to cause the liquids to drip from the leaves 
and shoots. Both the eddy chamber or cyclone nozzle, and Nixon’s 
climax nozzle will yield a spray of the desired character. The latter 
is only suitable for clear liquids; when such compounds as the Bor- 
deaux mixture are used, a nozzle with a degorger or device for clear- 
ing, like the Vermorel nozzle, is necessary. Improvements in our 
fungicidal appliances are greatly needed, and may be confidently 
looked for at no distant day. 
As with liquids, so with powders, they should be distributed finely 
and evenly, their presence on the leaves, etc., after application being 
just perceptible. An excess of such powders as sulphatine (which is 
one of the best when properly applied) is very likely to injure the 
plants, particularly under a hot sunshine. Bellows furnished with 
outside receptacles for the powders are necessary, as the corrosive 
action of the powder will very soon destroy the leather *f placed in 
contact. 
As to the amount of powder to be used per acre, we would say for 
the first treatment 35 pounds. 45 or 50 pounds for the second, and 60 
pounds for the third. 
In respect to the remedies enumerated in the above circular, the 
use of the simple solution has in many instances resulted in injury to 
the foliage. As it is not advisable to reduce the percentage of sul- 
