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484 REPORT OF THE ‘COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE. 
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in the subcutaneous tissue. In the severest cases blotches appeared 
on the diaphragm and costal pleura. In about 10 per cent. the 
kidneys were hemorrhagic. Usually the glomeruli appear as minute 
blood-red points. To this may be added hemorrhages in the pyra- 
mids and extravasations collecting around the papille. 
The mucous membrane of the stomach in hemorrhagic cases is, as 
a rule, deeply reddened in the fundus, or else there is hemorrhage 
into the membrane, more rarely on the surface. The mucosa of the 
small intestine is usually intact, but that of the large intestine in the 
acute form of the disease is in the same condition as the stomach: 
In older cases, when not covered with ulcers, it is either pigmented — 
or dark red, chronically congested. This outbreak was characterized 
by hemorrhagic lesions more than any other which we have exam- 
ined. Our experience has been that the early cases are hemorrhagic 
and are succeeded by those in which ulceration, cellular infiltration 
of the lymphatics, and marantic conditions, such as serous effusions, 
predominate. In some of the animals in this outbreak there were 
most extensive hemorrhages. In one the mucous membrane of the 
stomach was separated from the muscular coat by an extensive clot 
one-half inch thick. In five cases (10 per cent.) the lungs were the 
seat of extensive hemorrhages, which literally converted the most de- 
pendent lobes into a blood clot and filled the pleural sacs with blood. 
stained serum. Ina variable number both peritoneal and thoracic 
cavities contained much blood-stained serum. 
Ulcerative lesions.—Ulcers of the large intestine were present in 
36 out of 49 cases, or 70 per cent. They varied from very slight to 
very severe and extensive lesions, involving in a small number 
nearly the whole mucous membrane of the cecum and colon. The 
rectum was quite invariably free from disease. Theageof the ulcers 
can not be determined, as the process of necrosis and subsequent 
ulceration seems to vary very much in rapidity. In a few cases it 
was not limited to the mucous membrane, but extended into the mus- 
cular wall, producing considerable local inflammation and thickening 
of the serous membrane. In rare cases the necrosis and cellular in- 
filtration had made the intestinal wall so friable that it broke when 
handled. When the ulceration was sight, it was frequently con- 
fined to the ileo-czecal valve and adjacent membrane, where the mu- 
cosa is pitted with small mucous glands. The ulceration in this 
situation was accompanied by an extensive neoplastic thickening ‘of 
the valve beneath the ulcer, indicating that the ulcer was old. In 
5 cases (10 per cent.) the lower ileum was ulcerated; the ulcers 
seemed to have no relation to Peyer’s patches. 
Very puzzling to the pathologist is the frequent combination’ of 
old ulceration with recent hemorrhagic lesions (about 20 per cent:). 
Is it due to an increase in the virulence of the bacteria in the re- 
cesses of the ulcer, so that when carried into the circulation they are 
able to live in the capillaries, there to multiply until the co onies 
cause necrosis of the vascular wall, or is it due simply to the intro- 
duction of bacteria into the circulation from the ulcerated region 
without any increase in virulence? These questions are of great 
practical importance in the final solution of the problem how 
severe epidemics may suddenly arise, and seemingly from mild, 
chronic cases. 
Complications.—Peritonitis, pleuritis, and pericarditis were not — 
uncommon complications, usually accompanying old ulceration. 
These may be caused by septic bacteria gaining entrance through 
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