forms of Japanese Butterflies. 487 



have a faint but very pleasant odour when ahve. It is 

 very abundant, and I have seen hundreds at a time on 

 the wing, flying over the blossoming rape-fields, when the 

 intense black of the male is very conspicuous over the 

 bright yellow flowers. 



Papilio macilentus. — First brood appears early in May ; 

 it is then very much smaller than those appearing in the 

 summer mouths, but, being unicolorous, does not exhibit 

 any alteration. I have taken it in May less than half 

 the size of the summer broods. I have not yet_ detected 

 the larva. Rare about Yokohama, but common in all the 

 mountains. 



Papilio Maacki. — Feeds upon the Karatachi {Citrus 

 trifoliata), skimmea, and other trees; it is a very variable 

 insect, and has the usual temperature forms, Dehaani, 

 Bianor, and tutanns being some of the names it has 

 received ; they are all undoubtedly referable to one 

 species. The cold temperature form is generally small 

 and brightly coloured, the summer ones being larger and 

 darker. Last year, in June, I took both the extreme 

 forms on the same day. At Nikko, elevation about 2000 

 feet, the large summer form was abundant, but on 

 ascending about 1500 feet more to Chiuzenji I found the 

 smaller brightly-coloured form equally common. 



Papilio Demetrius. — Feeds on the Karatachi (Citrus tri- 

 foliata) and other trees. The larv^ of Xuthus, Demetrius, 

 and Maacki resemble each other very closely ; the pupse, 

 however, can be readily distinguished; the food plants 

 are also generally the same. The temperature forms of 

 Demetrius vary as to size, but, being almost unicolorous, 

 show no other differences. Abundant everywhere. 



Gonepterijx rhamui.—Thei-e are two forms, the large 

 one being found about Yokohama, and low down on 

 Ohoyama ; the smaller, sharply-pointed winged, form is 

 found about Nikko, and generally high up in the moun- 

 tains. Both forms hybernate. 



Colias Hijale.— This has a very striking temperature 

 form; it is very small, about If in. in expanse, and 

 lightly coloured, whereas a large summer specimen will 

 measure as much as 2^ in. It is a very hardy insect, 

 and first appears in February, in which month I have 

 often captured newly-emerged specimens flymg along a 

 bank warmed by the sun, at the foot in the shade ice an 

 inch thick being present, with patches of snow lying m 

 all shady places. It is very abundant, and can be taken 



