specific modifications of Japan Carahi. 525 



type, and corresponds to Leivisii in hlaptoides, with this 

 difference : — Leivisii is an offshoot of hlaptoides rendered 

 smaller by the dryness of the area it inhabits, as com- 

 pared to the district of luxuriant vegetation in which 

 hlaptoides dwells ; it is not a variety owing to a dry 

 mountain atmosphere, but a variety pertaining to a 

 dryer, lighter soil, of the same elevation. Cyanostola is 

 a pandurus which has wandered up from the coast-level, 

 where snow rarely lies, to an altitude of 6000 feet, where 

 snow remains six months in the year. Alpine insects, 

 which crawl out from the snow to enjoy the bright sun- 

 shine of an instantaneous spring, often acquire in it, as 

 we have seen, colour which enables them to vie with the 

 gorgeous insects of the tropics. If in the latitude (33°) 

 of hlaptoides there were high mountain ranges suited to 

 Damaster, we should probably have a coloured hlaptoides, 

 but the altitude to produce the necessary lower tempera- 

 ture would have to be greater than that in latitude 36° 

 30". As it is, the only mountain near to Nagasaki of 

 sufficient altitude is Unsen, 7000 feet, but this volcano is 

 merely a conical mass of lava thrown out by recent 

 eruj)tions, and is at present unfitted to nourish either 

 vegetation or large insects. 



Having said then that the characters are insufiicient 

 on which Kollar relied to separate Damaster and Carahiis, 

 let me examine seriatim the ordinary forms of the genus, 

 and note their differences in the various latitudes they 

 inhabit, for we shall find that they too follow the same 

 line of modification, and, under the same climatic and 

 thermal changes, exhibit similar variations to their 

 allies. 



In the first section there are five species close together, 

 and their connecting history appears to be this : — 



Carahiis Dehaani is a large dark-coloured species of 

 nocturnal habits, confined to the warm area south of the 

 Biwa Lake. It is abundant, and constant in form and 

 colour, from Kagoshima to Kioto, a distance of 400 miles, 

 and also occurs in Tsushima and on the south of the 

 Korea, which gives it a fairly wide range, and seems to 

 indicate that it has in all probability allies in Eastern 

 Siberia. 



Carahiis insolicola is a modified form of Dehaani, and, 

 like it, does not vary ; but it is diurnal and bright- 

 coloured. It has equal possession of the colder lati- 

 tudes, reaching from Biwa Lake to Awomori, an extension 



