Neuropterous genus Ascalaphus. 11 
in the young larve, the sides of each of the meso- and 
metathoracic and abdominal segments having a tubercle 
thickly set with short bristles ; of these there are twelve 
pairs, and below each of seven of the abdominal ones is 
a very minute black dot (fig. 17), representing a spiracle. 
The terminal segment of the abdomen (fig. 18) is elon- 
gate, subovate, setose, and armed at its apex with two 
groups of four small conical horny points. The mouth 
of the larva is of a very unusual structure, of the lower 
portions of which, in fact, I remember no other similar 
instance. The large sickle-shaped mandibles are armed 
with three strong spines on the inner edge, and are 
grooved along the whole of their length on the under 
side, within which groove the maxilla (fig. 19) works, 
having a dilated base; it is very slender, slightly dilated 
near the apex, curved so as to lie within the groove of 
the mandibles, and finely serrated within its inner edge 
(figs. 20, 21). Fig. 22 represents the lower lip and its 
appendages ; the labium itself is very small and cup- 
shaped, with the centre of the front margin slightly 
porrected, the basal joint of the labial palpus, arising at 
the side of the produced part, dilated and curved so as 
to give support to the large setose oval joint (rather 
pointed at its tip), the three slender terminal joints 
springing from the extremity of the second joint. On 
either side of the labium there is attached a large 
movable plate of complex form (which might be possibly 
supposed to represent theoretically the maxillary palpi) ; 
The left-hand piece of this appendage is figured of a 
larger size in fig. 28, showing the deep notch in the 
middle of its fore edge, and the curious arrangement of 
setz and spines with which it is furnished. 
Fig. 24 represents the globular cocoon, formed of very 
fine membrane, to the outside of which particles of sand 
are attached ; and fig. 25 represents it opened, showing 
the head and upper part of the body of enclosed pupa. 
Fig. 26 represents the pupa taken out of the cocoon, 
seen laterally. The eye is divided into two portions by a 
transverse sulcus; the antenne are short, not knobbed, 
curved round the sides of the head, the terminal portion 
with the joints very short: the four rudimental wings 
lie at the sides of the body. In fig. 27 the pupa has the 
body more extended; and fig. 28 shows the mandibles 
of the pupa, each armed with nine minute sharp teeth, 
