Pedigree Moth-breeding. 125 
“larval” and “pupal” periods, I must explain that I 
found it impossible to observe, except on a few occasions, 
the actual date of pupation which, barring accidents, 
takes place inside a leaf carefully sewn together. But 
with the daily or almost daily, however brief, observation 
I was able to give, it was easy to see pretty well when a 
larva began to spin up, and consequently I have taken 
that time as the dividing line between the larval and the 
pupal periods. I found on several occasions, when the 
pupal period as thus defined lasted but eight or nine 
days, the larva remained in an unchanged condition for 
two days and more. 
In my record I have found it expedient to note the 
period when ‘“‘nearly all’ had, as larve, spun up (7. ¢,, 
begun so to do), or, as moths, had emerged, because 
some 4 or 5 per cent., more or less, generally lagged 
behind the rest, from weakness of constitution I rather 
think. Excluding these laggards, I think the largest 
individuals of a brood were mostly to be found among or 
in point of time near to those that were longest in feeding 
up, and consequently in emerging. About 5 per cent. of 
the loss in my larve after I had first counted them after 
hatching may, I think, be ascribed to casualties, such 
as being squeezed or snipped or accidentally lost. 
The pupe were in all cases taken out of their cocoons 
and placed each in a separate chip box covered with 
black net, which was held in position by the rim of the 
lid, from which its top had previously been removed. 
These boxes stood on wire trays in crates and as the moths 
emerged were moved to crates kept dark by zinc covers 
standing in the cool room described later, near the 
window, almost always kept open, the sexes being in 
separate crates. I generally found the moths, especially 
illunaria, “out” when I came into the room in which 
they were kept, about 7.80 or 8 a.m., but some, perhaps 
20 to 40 per cent., would come out during the day, 
rarely after 5 p.m. There is a very great difference 
between illunaria and illustraria in the resting position. 
The former rests with wings folded closely together over 
its back, as butterflies do. Jllustraria, on the other hand, 
rests with the anterior edges of its fore wings at an angle 
of 60° or so to each other, the wings being all very much 
curved and the folds in them very wavy, and the abdomen 
brought into line with them, so that the insect has 
