582 Notes in 1887 upon lepidopterous larve, éc. 
bunch of the brown scales (the stipules of the foliage- 
leaves) which enclose the buds of the beech, and hang 
down after the latter are unfolded. These persistent 
brown scales, dependent from the branches in little 
clusters, are very characteristic of the beech. Hach 
scale is rolled up, so that its edges are nearly, but not 
quite, in contact at the base and along the whole 
length, while they pass into each other at the tip. 
Hence, when looked at from the side, a chink is seen, 
leading into the hollow of the fold; the chink dis- 
appears at the tip, and ceases to be recognisable even a 
little before the tip is reached. A very similar effect is 
produced in the case of the four long thoracic legs, for 
each of them is bent upon itself in the middle, so that 
there is, of course, a furrow between the two halves, 
which disappears at the bend itself. The point where 
the furrow ceases 1s, in both leg and scale, at the 
dependent end of the structure. The legs are of the 
appropriate length and colour for this purpose, and I 
made some special observations to prove that their 
number is also an additional aid to protection. The 
numbers of scales in nine clusters upon a single beech- 
bough were as follows:—5 (4 dependent, 1 raised), 8 
(4 dependent, 4 raised), 4 dependent, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1, 2, all 
dependent. Thus nearly all the scales were dependent, 
and four was by far the commonest number, if we 
remember that the dependent scales in the first two 
clusters would have the appearance of separate bunches. 
In another bough many of the scales were irregular, 
viz., neither dependent nor raised, but at various inter- 
mediate positions. The first three clusters were irregular, 
the numbers in succeeding clusters being as follows :— 
4 dependent, 1 irregular, 1 irregular, 6 (5 dependent, 
1 raised), 8, 1, 7, 5, 1, 6, all dependent, 2 raised; then 
followed two irregular bunches with very small scales, 
4 dependent, 6 (4 dependent, 2 raised), 4 dependent. It 
must be remembered that these numbers represent the 
condition of the boughs in the middle of September, 
1887, and that much of the irregularity may be due to 
the loss of some of the scales. The larve feed in August 
and often in to September, so that the numbers would 
nearly represent the actual condition of their sur- 
roundings in that year. The brown scales do not persist 
for long, but it is common for fresh buds to open late in 
