586 Notes in 1887 upon lepidopterous larve, dc. 
were witnessed, although not to an equal extent. This 
is, however, what we should expect from the comparative 
intelligence of the two animals. ;Hence the interpretation 
of the attitude offered by H. Muller, and further elaborated 
in the present paper, may be said to rest upon a basis of 
experimental proof (See ‘Report of the British Associa- 
tion,’ 1887, p. 764, for a short account of these 
experiments, and others of the same kind). 
The final means of protection possessed by the larva 
was also discovered by H. Miller, and it is directed 
entirely against insect enemies. On each of the 1st and 
2nd abdominal segments, below and rather behind the 
spiracles, is a shallow pouch-like involution of an intensely 
black colour. Each black area is entirely concealed during 
rest by a triangular flap, formed as an outgrowth of the 
lower margin of the area. The flap is directed upwards 
and completely covers the area, but upon irritation it is 
depressed, and the pouch itself is at the same time ren- 
dered shallower by partial eversion, so that the black 
patches become very conspicuous (see Plate XVIL., fig. 7, 
x 4°5, where the larva is represented with the flaps de- 
pressed, and the patches visible). It is in every way pro- 
bable that, as H. Muller has suggested, these black marks 
are intended to imitate ichneumon stings, or at any rate 
the results of a struggle with some insect enemy, in which 
the larva has been wounded. The marks evidently sug- 
gest the scars made by some insect, because the attacks 
of other enemies are nearly always immediately fatal. The 
larve are certainly often wounded incidentally during 
the oviposition of parasitic Hymenoptera, the wounds 
being caused by the sharp curved claws of the latter, 
which must hold very tightly in order to render oviposi- 
tion possible during the struggles of the larva. I have 
also seen an ichneumon (Paniscus) bite a larva most 
savagely, at a time when it may have been attempting to 
lay eggs; but this is uncertain. (See Trans. Ent. Soc., 
Lond., 1887. p. 807). In the paragraph just referred 
to, 1 remarked that I had never seen scars upon the 
larve of Cerura vinula, such as would indicate that 
wounds were incidentally inflicted. Since then I have 
observed this on more than one occasion. I have seen 
so large a scar in the neighbourhood of the eggs of 
Paniscus affixed to the larva in question, that it seemed 
clear that the wound had been inflicted by the mandibles 
