590 Notes in 1887 upon lepidopterous larve, ce. 
is at rest on a straight surface, but little of the first mark 
can be seen, and hardly any of the others, while 
the four tussocks appear to be continuous. In walking, 
the first mark becomes more distinct, and a little of the 
others can be seen. [If the larva be slightly irritated by 
gently blowing upon it, or by tapping the surface on 
which it is crawling, it stops instantly; the head is 
tucked in, so that its anterior surface becomes horizontal, 
while the dorsal surface of the anterior segments forms 
a curved outline. In consequence of this attitude, the 
first black mark becomes very large and conspicuous, 
and the second mark also, although not to an equal 
extent. The two anterior ‘‘tussocks” are separated, 
while the two posterior are approximated, and appear 
like a single structure. In this way the three apparent 
tussocks (counting the two posterior as one) become 
extremely prominent. The attitude is soon abandoned 
if the larva is not further irritated, but if the 
irritation is more violent (such as that produced by 
brushing the larva with a leaf), it is maintained for a 
comparatively long time. If the irritation be still more 
violent the larva falls and rolls into a ring, and then the 
tussocks,—completely separated and thrown up by the 
black surface around them—become the feature of the 
larva; equally effective in affording an apparent oppor- 
tunity for the inexperienced enemy, and in aiding the 
memory of those which are more experienced. 
In O. antiqua the same object is achieved by seg- 
mental rather than intersegmental dark markings, 
apparently a modification of a broad black dorsal band. 
The habits of these larve when irritated are exactly like 
those of O. pudibunda, the two anterior tussocks being 
separated, the others approximated, although they are 
sometimes separated in this species. 
This interpretation is entirely due to experiment. A 
larva of O. antiqua was introduced into a lizard’s cage, 
and when attacked, instantiy assumed the defensive 
attitude. An unwary lizard seized the apparently 
feasible part of the larva; most of the “ tussock’’ came 
out in its mouth, and the lizard seemed greatly troubled 
by the fine hairs, and did not touch the larva again. 
On another occasion a full-grown larva of O. pudi- 
bunda was offered to a hungry adult Lacerta viridis. 
The lizard evidently knew the danger, and kept trying to 
