596 Notes in 1887 upon lepidopterous larve, cc. 
the spiracles. On the dorsal side of the midrib the 
lateral veining of a leaf is represented by seven oblique 
stripes, sloping as in most Sphinx larve, and situated 
on the first seven abdominal segments, the stripes being 
very small and slight on the 1st and 7th segments, and 
especially long and distinct on the 2nd, 8rd, and 4th. 
The effect is aided by a deepening of the green ground 
colour below, and (especially) above these stripes. The 
increased depth of colour is caused by the relative 
absence of white dots in this position. On the ventral 
side of the midrib the wing-veining and the obliquely- 
directed antenna assist in the general effect by pro- 
ducing a subdued appearance of leaf venation, although 
the slope is in the wrong direction. 
The shape is also modified in a very interesting 
manner. Dorsally the pupa is flat and greatly com- 
pressed, the sides meeting in a thin sharp dorsal ridge 
extending from the posterior edge of the 9th abdominal 
segment (close to the part which bears the hooks by 
which the pupa is suspended) to the anterior edge of 
the 8rd abdominal. Immediately anterior to this point, 
at the posterior edge of the 2nd abdominal segment, the 
single ridge divides into two ridges, which at first form a 
very acute angle with each other. Along the centre of 
the furrow between them there is a distinct, although 
slight, trace of a median ridge. The two ridges pass 
anteriorly, gradually diverging, to end at the apices of 
the two divergent horns, which form the anterior termi- 
nation of the pupa. 
Partly in consequence of this conformation, and partly 
because of the general shape, the slope on the dorsal 
side of the midrib, anterior to the 3rd abdominal seg- 
ment, is very considerable, for the pupa does not come to 
a thin edge, and is very far from flat at this part. And 
the same is also true for the whole length of the ventral 
side of the pupa. 
But exactly in these places, where the obvious thick- 
ness would destroy the resemblance to a leaf, the whole 
effect of the roundness is neutralised by the increased 
lightness of these parts—a lightness which is so disposed 
as to just compensate for the shadow by which alone we 
judge of the roundness of small objects. (Much larger 
objects can be judged of by the change of focus, which 
becomes necessary as their near or distant parts are 
